Mohamed Hassan

LTE Introduction
LTE Mission
LTE Technologies (What is new)
LTE Advanced
Main Aim
Technologies (What is new)
LTE Vs. HSPA
Technical Comparison
LTE NW Drivers for Operators
Spectrum Story (War) in UK
Current Spectrum view
Ofcom Auction
Design Considerations.
Operational Considerations




Agenda
Reduced delays.
Increased user data rates.
Increased cell-edge bit-rate.
Reduced cost per bit.
Reasonable power consumption for the
mobile terminal
Greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in
both new and pre-existing bands;
Simplified network architecture;
seamless mobility, including between
different radio-access technologies;
LTE
Requirements
Was set 2005
LTE Mission
LTE Technologies
Different spectrum bandwidths can
be utilized from 1.4MHZ to 20MHZ
Fractional frequency re-use and
interference coordination between
cells are facilitated
SC-FDMA has a significantly lower
PAPR (Peak to Average Power
Ratio), So can be used with
Handsets.
LTE Technologies (OFDMA and SC-FDMA)

LTE Technologies (Multiple Antenna)
Diversity gain.

Array gain.
(Beamforming)
Spatial multiplexing
gain. (MIMO)
Use of the space-diversity
provided by the multiple
antennas to improve the
robustness of the
transmission against
multipath fading.

Concentration of energy in
one or more given
directions via precoding or
beam forming. This also
allows multiple users
located in different
directions to be served
simultaneously (so-called
multi-user MIMO).

Transmission of multiple
signal streams to a single
user on multiple spatial
layers created by
combinations of the
available antennas.

LTE has been designed as a completely packet-oriented
multiservice system
Use of the lessons learnt in HSDPA, Coupling the two lower
layers for faster adaptation to radio environment changes
To Improve system latency the packet duration was further
reduced from the 2 ms used in HSDPA down to just 1 ms
Adaptation of the MIMO configuration including the selection
of the number of spatial layers transmitted simultaneously,
LTE Technologies (Packet-Switched Radio
Interface)
The LTE system has been designed to support a compact set of five
categories of UE

LTE technologies (User Equipment's
capability)


UE Category
1 2 3 4 5
Maximum Downlink Data (Mbps) 10 50 100 150 300
Maximum Uplink data rate (Mbps) 5 25 50 50 75
Number if receive antennas required 2 2 2 2 4
Number of downlink MIMO streams Supported 1 2 2 2 4
Support of 64QAM modulation in downlink yes yes yes yes yes
Support of 64QAM modulation in uplink no no no no yes
Relative memory requirements for physical layer
processing (normalised to category 1 level)
1 4.9 4.9 7.3 14.6
LTE Network Architecture
E-UTRAN EPC
Radio resource
Management
Header Compression
Security over air
Connectivity to EPC
PCRF:- Policy Control Function
HSS:- User Subscription (Similar to HLR)
P-GW:- Control IP allocation, Charging, QoS
enforcement
S-GW:-IP User Plane, Mobility Anchor, Inter-System
mobility Anchor node
MME:- Mobility Management Signalling

HSPA Vs. LTE


LTE VS HSPA
Category LTE HSPA Winner Comment
E2E RTT (Round Trip
Time
<15 ms ~50-90ms LTE
Typical today Avg DL
thr
~10Mbps Today ~5 Mbps LTE Assuming 10
users in cell,
Unlimited TX
Typical next year Avg
DL thr

~10Mpbs ~10Mbps

Similar Assuming 10
users in cell,
Unlimited TX
Typical Today UL
Throughput
~5Mbps ~2-3 Mbps LTE LTE Category 3
Typical next year UL
Throughput

~5Mbps ~4Mbps LTE UL 23Mbps
1. Assuming 20MHZ LTE 3-Prediction that HSPA+ will stop at the 84Mbps max
2. Assuming 4*5MHZ for UMTS





LTE Network Drivers
HSPA is quickly reaching capacity limits.
More Sites are needed to provide Capacity . But with Limited Spectrum there
isnt much operator can do
Capacity
LTE 800 and 1800 Bands provide better coverage option for operators
Coverage
LTE use flat architecture ,, which requires
HSPA+ network does already exist , supporting higher capabilities may
require SW investment in Network upgrades.
Cost
HSPA+ devices are slow penetrating the market , which erode any efficiency
introduced
LTE is better scalable technology , Devices mix can still achieve higher
efficiency
Devices
LTE Technology is scalable, and very flexible with BWs(1.4.3.5.10.15.20)
compared to 5MHZ WCDMA
LTE Technology can be used with 15 different Bands (Very Flexible)
Future
Verdict is
Band Usage Vodafone Three O2 EE
900
2G 12.4MHZ - 12.4MHZ -
UMTS 5MHZ - 5MHZ -
LTE - - - -
1800
2G 5.8MHZ 5.8MHZ 45+15MHZ
UMTS - - - -
LTE - - - -
2100 UMTS 14.6
(3*5MHZ)
14.6
(3*5MHZ)
10
(2*5MHZ)

20
(4*5MHZ)
800 (2X30 MHz) LTE Digital dividend (AWAITING AUCTIONS)
2600 (2x95MHz) LTE (AWAITING AUCTIONS)

Current Spectrum Story
LTE Coverage best Scenario
Operator options
Macro 800 Mhz
800 Mhz
Micro
1800/2600
Band
1800/2600
Band
Femto
2600Band
Spectrum Wars#1
800 Spectrum
Best to provide LTE
coverage,

not enough for all of the
operators to provide decent
capacity.

Three and EE claim that VF
and O2 have already Sub
1GHz spectrum , so trying to
limit what VF and O2 can get
in next auction.
Ofcom will impose 95%
coverage on one of the
licenses on this band
Not all 800 band is

1800 Spectrum
Second best spectrum to
provide coverage, 1800 LTE
coverage is better than 2600
one by 3dB (better coverage )
EE dominance in 1800 Band
allow them to re farm 20MHZ
of the 1800 band for LTE
service, GSM NW can run
with nearly 25MHZ of
spectrum
EE has to sell 15MHz of its
1800 Band , because of the
merger decisoin
2600 Spectrum
Worst to provide Coverage ,
with typical cell range of
400m
Costly Solution to provide
coverage.
There enough for all operator
Suitable for small cell
(Femto ,Micros, Picos..),
capacity solution
There 2 *95 Spectrum ,
enough to slice between
Operators
Ofcom imposed Caps as:-
An overall spectrum cap of 2 x 105 MHz (Mainly to Limit EE)
A sub-1GHz spectrum cap of 2 x 27.5 MHz (Mainly to Limit VF , and O2 )
Minimum holding for 4
th
national competitor (i.e Three)

Spectrum Auction#1
Vodafone EE O2 Three
Current Total Spectrum 2*37.2 2*65+2*15 2*32.2 15
Current Sub 1GHZ Holding 17.5MHZ 0 17MHZ 0
Maxium Spectrum can be won 2*80 2*40MHZ
Maximum Sub 1GHZ can be won 2*10MHZ 2*27MHZ 2*10MHZ 2*27.
5
Ofcom is inclined to guarantee 4
th
National wholesaler one of the following
group






Obviously Options 5/6 is the best option for this vendor (i.e. 3) which can
allow for the sharing with EE and continue MBNL story
option 4 is second best, if 3 want to build its LTE own network
Spectrum Auction #2
Portfolio 800 MHz 1800 MHz 2.6 GHz
3 2 x 15 MHz
4 2x 10 MHz 2 x 10 MHz
5 2 x 10 MHz 2x 15 MHz
6 2x 15 MHz 2 x 10 MHz
Scenario Band Vodafone EE O2 Three Comment
Scenario 1 800 5MHZ 10MHZ 5MHZ 10MHZ Assuming group 5
for 3 UK
900 5MHZ - 5MHZ - O2 and VF can
deploy second U900
then convert to LTE
when devices are
ready
1800 5MHZ 20MHZ 5MHZ 15MHZ Assuming group 5
for 3 UK
2600 25 20 25 25 Assuming EE will be
capped.
LTE Possible Scenarios in UK
Other Scenarios can exist depending on final decision on reservation for the 4
th
wholesaler
Hard to believe the no operator will get a slice in the 800 Band , but it can happen (money
talks)
Parts of the 800 Band is interfering with TV services, 3% of houses will need filters , left for the
winning wholesaler to deal with.
Vodafone and O2 will have to bring their 900 into LTE game, even if in phases , i.e. 2
nd
carrier
HSPA 900 then migrate that to LTE
1800 Band will suit 3 more, in its Joint venture with EE or any other operator in UK.

Scenario Band Vodafone EE O2 Three Comment
Scenario 2 800 10MHZ - 10MHZ 10MHZ Assuming VF deep
pocket and O2, and
EE no real need for
800
900 5MHZ - 5MHZ - O2 and VF can
deploy second U900
then convert to LTE
when devices are
ready
1800 5MHZ 20MHZ 5MHZ 15MHZ Assuming group 5
for 3 UK
2600 25 20 25 25 Assuming EE will be
capped.
LTE Possible Scenarios in UK
This Scenario suit more VF and O2 , as they provide capacity and coverage using the 800MHZ
band
EE may prefer this option to save initial high cost Spectrum cost.


LTE Release10 is set to provide higher bitrates in a
cost efficient way .
Increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL 1.5 Gbps
Higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of
16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10
Increased number of simultaneously active
subscribers
LTE Advanced main aim
Carrier
Aggregation
Higher order
MIMO
Relay Nodes

LTE advanced Main technologies
What Spectrum Band? (800,1800,2600)
What is BW ? (1.4,3,5,10,15,20MHZ)
Impact on GSM of reframing? Need BW +1 Channel(200K) as guard channel
both ends
Impact on GSM signal interference , because of reframing
Micro. Macro and Femto spectrum Allocations
Spectrum
Which Bands are likely to be used
Multiband antennas for different systems (800,900,1800,2600)
MIMO System (can we really support 4x4 MIMO)
Antenna System
Site TX BW (3 Sectors can achieve 300mbps , how much we can allocate
initially)
UMTS and LTE BW Allocations
TX BW
E-UTRAN Design Consideration#1
CSFB, Circuit Switched Fall Back (3GPP specification 23.272) to GSM/UMTS
SV-LTE - simultaneous voice LTE (CSFB+LTE over 2 radios)
One Voice / later called Voice over LTE, VoLTE: The Voice over LTE, VoLTE
scheme for providing voice over an LTE system utilises IMS enabling it to
become part of a rich media solution.
Voice
NAS Messages (end with MME
AS Messages end with E-NB
User Plan (No specification , Security GW)
New Scenarios (Home E-PLMN, Relay Nodes for LTE
advanced)
Security
Spectrum Diversity will make it difficult to do LTE
roaming
Roaming
Impact on maintenance and site availability
Site Solution
Complexity
E-UTRAN Design Consideration#2
EPC Design Consideration
MME only from Same RAN vendor
MME from Existing Packet Core Vendor
E2E Solution from one vendor (RAN +EPC)
Vendor Selection
Migrating 2G/3G traffic to EPC is being
standaredised
Migrate traffic to
EPC
Centralized bearer/distributed control:
Centralized control/distributed bearer
Completely centralized
Completely distributed
Deployment
Architecture
Security
Local offload points
IMS and many more

And many more
Self Configuration (Including Self Cell ID (PCI), IP
association with GW)
Self Initial radio parameter (Neighbours , X2 Interface,
Inter RAT neighbours)
Self Optimisation (neighbour, Coverage and capacity)
Self healing (Outage detection.
SON (Self
Organised
Networks)
Complex Site Solution will add complexity in
maintaining that
Site
Maintenance
Operational Consideration