Lipids: Fats & Oils

Lipids consist of two parts

1. Glycerol
2. Fatty Acids
a. Saturated fatty acids
b. Unsaturated fatty acids
.Monounsaturated . Polyunsaturated
Figure 3 : Formation of TG
Saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated unsaturated
Table 1 : Saturated fatty acids

Table 2 : Unsaturated fatty acids

Lipids are classified as simple or complex

1. Simple lipid
a. Fatty acids
b. neutral fats (monoglyceride,
diglycerde, and triglyceride)
c. waxes

2. Complex lipids
a. Phospholipids
b. Glycolipids
c. Lipoproteins

3. Derived lipids
Figure 1 : Triglyceride
Figure 2 :
Phosphatidic acid
Phospholipids
Structure:
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO
4

PO
4
negatively charged
Its just like a
penguin
A head at one end
& a tail
at the other!
Omega Fatty acid
Cis- Trans Fatty acid
Function of Fat

. Energy
. Essential nutrient
. Flavor and Satisfaction


. Adipose Tissue
. Cell membrane Structure
Fat in Food
Fat in Body
Food Sources of Fat

. Meat Fat (bacon, sausage.)
. Dairy Fats and products (cream, butter, cheese..)
. Egg yolk


. Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated Fatty acid
. Vegetable oil (saf flower, corn, soybean, cottonseed, olive oil)
Animal Fats
Plant Fat
Characteristics Of Food Fat Sources


. Butter, margarin, salad oils and dressing,
shirteninig fat meat



. Chees, cream portion of homogenised milk, egg yolk,
nuts, seeds, olives..
Visible Fat
Invisible Fat
Digestion of lipids
1. In mouth
mechanical digestion
Lingual Lipase
2. In stomach
mechanical digestion
Gastric lipase
3. In small intestine
Bile acid, Pancreatic Lipase, Cholesterol esterase,
Phospholipase
Triglycerides 2 fatty acids + Mono glycerides
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Triglycerides
Triglycerides 1 fatty acids + Diglycerides
Absorption of lipids
Figure 4 : Absorption of fat.
Transportation of lipids
Source Destination Major lipids

Functions
Chylomicrons Intestine Many organs Triglycerides,
other lipids
Deliver lipids of
dietary origin to
body cell.
VLDLs Liver

Many organs Triglycerides,
Cholesterol

Deliver
endogenously
produced
triglycerides to
body cells.
LDLs

Intraviscular
removal of
triglycerides from
VLDL
Blood vessels,
Liver
Cholesterol Deliver
endogenously
produced
cholesterol to
various organs.
HDLs Liver and intestine Liver and steroid-
hormone-
producing glands
Cholesterol Remove and
degrade
Cholesterol.

Table 3 Lipids are transported in the plasma as lipoproteins.
Lipids Metabolism
. Liver and Adipose tissue play a central role in lipid
metabolism.
. Adipose tissue is the main store of triglyceride in the
body.
. Lipid metabolism either lipolysis or lipogenesis.

. Fatty acids are both oxidized to acetyl CoA and
synthesized from acetyl CoA.


Lipolysis
. Complete hydorlysis of triglyceride yeild gelycerol
and 3 fatty acids.
. Fatty acids oxidiation take place in the
mitochonderia.
. Fatty acids are activated before being catabolized
(oxidized).
Fatty acid + ATP + CoA Acyl CoA + AMP
+ PPi
Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner -Mitochinderial
membrane as carnitine derivatives.
Figure 5 : Role of carnitine in the transport of long chain fatty
acids.
- oxidation pathway of fatty acids
. Many tissues are capable of oxidizing fatty acids in
the mitochondria by - oxidation pathway.
. The chain is broken between the (2) and (3)
carbon atoms.
Figure 6 : Overview of - oxidation pathway of fatty acids
- oxidation of fatty acids (Figure 7)
The products of oxidation of fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acids produces a large quantity of ATP,
.example : Palmitic acid (C:16 )
7 cycles from 7 NADH + 7 FADH
2

(7 x5 = 35 ATP)
7 cycles from 8 Acetyl CoA
(8 x 12 = 96 ATP)
2 ATP for the initial activation
of fatty acid
( 35 +96 2 = 129 molecule of ATP)

Figure 8 : acetyl CoA
product
Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids occurs by amodified
- oxidation pathway (figure9)
Ketone bodies
Ketogenesis occurs when there is a high rate of fatty acid
oxidation in the Liver (figure 10).

Aceto acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA

Acetoacetate

Acetone

-hydroxy butyrate
Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Lipogenesis
. The body is capable of synthesizing fatty acids in the
cytoplast of the cell from starter ( acetyl CoA + malonyl CoA).
. Malonyl CoA is formed from Acetyl CoA
Figure 11 : Biosynthesis of Malonyl CoA
. Acetyl CoA transfer to the cytoplast across the mitochondrial
membrane in the form of citrate
Figure 12 : Conversion the citrate to Oxaloacetate
and Acetyl CoA.
. The enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis are arranged in a
complex called the fatty acid synthase system.
The steps in the synthesis of fatty acid ( Figure 13)
Cholesterol
Figure 14 : Cholesterol
. Cholesterol is not an energy
producing nutrient.
. It is an essential structural
component of membrane of the outer layer of plasma lipoprotien.

Bile acids and steriod hormones are formed from cholesterol.
. Cholesteryl ester is a storage form of cholesterol which is found
in most tissues.

Acetyl CoA is the source of all carbon atoms in cholesterol
Squalene

-hydroxy- - methylglutaryl CoA
Mevalonate

Farmesyl pyrophosphate
Acetyl CoA
CoA
Acetoacetyl CoA

CoA
Acetyl CoA
HMG-CoA
reductase
Cyclization
References
Brene, R., Levy, M., Koeppen, B., Stanton, B., (2004) Physiology,
Fifth edition. Mosby.

Fox, S., (2004) Human Physiology, Eighth edition. Mc Graw Hill.

Hunt, S., Groff, J., (1997) Advanced Nutrition and Human
Metabolism, West Puplishing Company.

Lehninger, A., Nelson, D., Cox, M.,(1993) Principles of
Biochemistry, 2
nd
edtion. Worth Puplishers.

Murray, R., Granner, D., Mayes, P., Rodwell, V., (1996) Hapers
Biochemistry, 24
th
edition, Prentic-Hall International, Inc.

Seeley, R., Stephens, T., Tate, P., (1992) Anatomy and
Physiology,Mosby Yearbook.