REFRIGERATION

Whatever the mind of a person conceive and believe it can achieve

by v.s.saidatta
WHAT IS REFRIGERATION ?
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from
one location to another.
What is heat ?
The motion of atoms and molecules creates a form of energy
called heat or thermal energy which is present in all matter HUMANS
reject heat in INFRARED SPECTRUM.
BY REFRIGERATION IS IT POSSIBLE TO REACH ABSOLUTE ZERO ?
Smack-dab NO. Fermi level" is the term used to describe the top
of the collection of electron energy levels at absolute zero
temperature. This concept comes from Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Electrons are fermions and by the Pauli exclusion principle(The Pauli
exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that says
that two identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot
occupy the same quantum state simultaneously)cannot exist in
identical energy states. So at absolute zero they pack into the lowest
available energy states and build up a "Fermi sea" of electron energy
states
At the end of the day, all the electrons occupy the Fermi level and
still possess kinetic energy even at absolute zero there is motion.
What is temperature ?
Temperature is simply a way to characterize the heat energy of a
system.

What is the difference between cooling and refrigeration ?

COOLING:
In case a hot body looses heat and attains the same temperature of the surrounding
Ambient temperature then it is know as cooling
REFRIGERATION:
In case a body which is in equilibrium with surrounding is cooled down below atmospheric
Temperature, it is called as refrigeration.






Difference between boiling and condensation ?

Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted
on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure.
Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is
the reverse of vaporization
WHAT IS THE NEED FOR
REFRIGERATION ?
Matter behave in a Bizarre way when we approach absolute zero refer Bose-Einstein
Condensate

To preserve food and stop the multiplication of microbes.

field of cryogenics where more than 10,000 seeds are refrigerated and stored in case of crisis
Like a famine or revival of extinct plant species.

It is used in the dehydration of gases.

Applications in petroleum industry include lubricating oil- purification.

Low temperature reactions

Separation of volatile hydrocarbons.

Preservation of human corpses so they can be revived in the future.



LET US SEE HOW A REFRIGERATOR
WORKS ?
THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR
In a continuous refrigeration process, The heat absorbed at a
low temperature is continuously rejected to the surroundings at
a higher temperature.
A refrigeration cycle is a reversed heat-engine cycle therefore
heat is transferred from a low temperature level to a high
temperature level.
According to the second law, this requires an external source
of energy(why ?)
From the perspective of quantum mechanics, to increase the
temperature of a substance we have to supply heat thereby
increasing the kinetic energy of the moleculesTo cool a
substance we have lower the kinetic energy which can be
done by transferring the kinetic energy that the molecules
possess to the refrigerant molecules when they evaporate in
the evaporator.
The ideal refrigerator, like the ideal heat engine operates on a
Carnot cycle, consisting in this case of two isothermal steps in
which heat |Q
C
| is absorbed at the lower temperature T
c
and
heat |Q
H
| is rejected at the higher temperature T
H
and two
adiabatic steps



The vapour-compression refrigeration
THE VAPOUR-COMPRESSION
CYCLE
The vapour-compression cycle
The vapor compression is represented by a T S diagram
Why T S diagram why not any other diagram ?
Absolute zero is the temperature at which entropy reaches its minimum value using this statement
as analogy. When we reduce the temperature of a substance the entropy reduces hence there holds
a relation between entropy and temperature therefore its is intuitive to choose a plot of T vs S

The vapour-compression cycle involves four steps:

A liquid evaporating at constant pressure(line 12) provides a means for heat absorption at a low
Constant temperature.

The vapour produced is compressed to a higher pressure, and is then cooled and condensed with the
Rejection of heat at a higher temperature level.

Liquid from the condenser returns to its original pressure by an expansion process for practical reasons
It is accomplished by throttling through a partly open valve and the throttling occurs at constant enthalpy






T VS S PLOT
In the vapour-compression cycle shown in figure the
refrigerant vapour is compressed(AB)to such a pressure
That the available cooling water can condense the vapour
in a condenser(BC) operated at this pressure which is
maintained constant. The vapour, during condensation
rejects Heat to the cooling medium. By passing through a
throttling Valve, the pressure of the liquid leaving the
condenser is reduced (CD) to the pressure maintained in the
evaporator The liquid then evaporates (DA),absorbing heat
at constant Temperature T
2
The vapour thus produced enters
the compressor, and the cycle
2=A 3=B 4=c
1=D



THEMODYNAMICS AT WORK
Absorptions Refrigeration
Both absorption and compressor refrigerators use a
refrigerant with a very low boiling point (less than 0 F
(33 C)). In both types, when this refrigerant evaporates
(boils), it takes some heat away with it, providing the cooling
effect. The main difference between the two systems is the
way the refrigerant is changed from a gas back into a liquid
so that the cycle can repeat. An absorption refrigerator
changes the gas back into a liquid using a method that
needs only heat, and has no moving parts other than the
refrigerant itself.
The absorption cooling cycle can be described in three
phases:
Evaporation: A liquid refrigerant evaporates in a low partial
pressure environment, thus extracting heat from its
surroundings (e.g. the refrigerator's compartment). Due to the
low pressure, the temperature needed for evaporation is also
lower.
Absorption: The now gaseous refrigerant is absorbed by
another liquid (e.g. a salt solution), reducing its partial
pressure in the evaporator and allowing more refrigerant to
evaporate.
Regeneration: The refrigerant-saturated liquid is heated,
causing the refrigerant to evaporate out. This happens at a
significantly higher pressure. The refrigerant is then condensed
through a heat exchanger to replenish the supply of liquid
refrigerant in the evaporator.
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QUESTION EVERYTHING
NEVER GIVE UP.

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