Atomic Structure Power Points

http://lawrencekok.blogspot.
com
Prepared by
Lawrence Kok
Tutorial on Atomic Structure, Particle
Physics and Relative Atomic Mass.
Atomic Structure
Atomic Size radius
Order of magnitude (10-10 10-12)m
Radius Li atom (1.5 x 10-10)m
Radius nucleus (1 x 10-14)m
Radius Li
atom
Radius Nucleus
Li atom
Nucleon made up of (protons + neutrons)
Protons made up of 2 up quarks + 1 down quark
Neutron made up of 2 down quarks + 1 up quark
Atomic Structure
Atomic Size radius
1nm 1 x 10-9 m
1pm 1 x 10-12 m
1A - 1 x 10-10 m
Radius Li
atom
Radius Nucleus
Li atom
Elementary particles making up
nucleon (protons + neutrons)
Unit conversion
Atomic Structure
Atomic Size radius
Scale/size of matter from smallest to largest
Excellent Flash on scale of universe Excellent Flash on biological cells Video on scale of universe
1nm 1 x 10-9 m
1pm 1 x 10-12 m
1A - 1 x 10-10 m
Radius Li
atom
Radius Nucleus
Li atom
Unit conversion
Atomic Structure
Atomic Size radius
1nm 1 x 10-9 m
1pm 1 x 10-12 m
1A - 1 x 10-10 m
Radius Li
atom
Radius Nucleus
Li atom
Unit conversion
Atomic Structure
Atomic Size radius
1nm 1 x 10-9 m
1pm 1 x 10-12 m
1A - 1 x 10-10 m
Radius Li
atom
Radius Nucleus
Li atom
Unit conversion
Structure within atom
Recent discovery particles with help of Large Hadron
Collider
Video on new particles physics
http://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Home&SubCate=MP01&SubCate2=&Img=%2FScience%2FImages%2FAtomicStructure.jpg&C
pt
http://justintymewrites.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/the-standard-model-in-laymans-terms2/

Discovery timeline Democritus to Quantum model
Video on timeline discovery
Discovery of elementary particles
Discovery of elementary particles Elementary particles
Discovery of elementary particles Elementary particles
Recent discovery particles
from
Large Hadron Collider
Higgs boson leftover excitation of particles of Higgs field
Discovery of Higgs boson and Higgs field
Particles interact with Higgs field to produce mass
Video on Higgs field part 1
Video on Higgs field part 2
Higgs Boson Discovery Wins Nobel Prize for Physics
Video on NOBEL PRIZE 2013 !!!!!!
Elementary particles
from
from
Video on Higgs field
Mass (proton + neutron)- due to interaction between
up quarks/down quarks with gluons (energy fluatutions)
Proton -2 up quarks
1 down quark
Neutron -1 up quark
2 down quarks
What is Higgs Boson ?
What is Higgs Field ?
from
Higgs boson leftover excitation
of particles of Higgs field
Video on Higgs field
Mass (proton + neutron)- due to interaction between
up quarks/down quarks with gluons (energy fluatutions)
Proton -2 up quarks
1 down quark
Neutron -1 up quark
2 down quarks
What is Higgs Boson ?
What is Higgs Field ?
Excellent videos Particles interact with Higgs field to create MASS
Video (Ted Talk) Video (Minute physics) Video (RI) Video (Veratasium)
Nuclear reaction vs Chemical reaction
Nuclear reaction
Involve protons/neutrons in nucleus
Decomposition of nucleus into smaller nuclei
Energy released greater
Conservation of charge / atomic mass number
Chemical reaction
Involve outer most electrons
Transfer/sharing/loss of electrons
Energy released less
Conservation of mass and charge
2Na + CI2 2NaCI
Nuclear equation- decay of nucleus Chemical equation valence electrons
Nuclear reaction vs Chemical reaction
Nuclear reaction
Involve protons/neutrons in nucleus
Decomposition of nucleus into smaller nuclei
Energy released greater
Conservation of charge / atomic mass number
Chemical reaction
Involve outer most electrons
Transfer/sharing/loss of electrons
Energy released less
Conservation of mass and charge
2Na + CI2 2NaCI
http://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htm
http://www.classhelp.info/Biology/AUnit3Biochemistry.htm

Type
radiation
Nature
radiation
Symbol Penetration
(mass,m/charge,e
)
Ionising
power
(removin
g electron)
Alpha Helium
nucleus
Low ratio
(high m/e)
High
Beta High energy
electron
Moderate Moderate
Gamma High frequency
electromagnetic
radiation
High ratio
(small m/e)

Low
Type of radiation
Nuclear equation- decay of nucleus Chemical equation valence electrons
Transfer electrons
Sharing electrons
Nuclear reaction
Alpha Decay Beta Decay
Gamma Decay

Unstable nucleus of atom Decay by emitting ionizing particles
Nuclear reaction
Alpha Decay
Losing an alpha particle helium nucleus
Daughter nuclei lower in proton number
Mass of 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)
+2 charged (only 2 protons) = +2
Decay of uranium, thorium, actinium
Beta Decay
Losing beta particle Electron/positron
Daughter nuclei higher in proton number
Negative charge (-1)
Decay neutron proton + electron
Gamma Decay
Gamma decay
Losing a particle - electromagnetic radiation of
high frequency
Daughter nuclei no change in atomic mass

Nuclear reaction
http://ths.talawanda.net/~BrambleN/classroom/Chemistry/Notes/Section%206A%20and%206B/RadioactiveDecay.htm
http://molaire1.perso.sfr.fr/e_radioactiv.html
Alpha Decay
Losing an alpha particle helium nucleus
Mass of 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)
+2 charged (only 2 protons) = +2
Decay of uranium, thorium, actinium
Beta Decay
Losing beta particle Electron/positron
Decay neutron proton + electron
Gamma Decay
Gamma decay
Losing a particle - electromagnetic radiation of
high frequency

+
Difference Between Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation
Nucleus > 84 protons
Unstable, radioactive decay
Decay depends on ratio neutron/proton
Mass number always Conserved/Same
Alpha Decay
Lose alpha particle helium nucleus
Mass He- 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)
+2 charged (2 proton + 2 neutron + 0 e)
Beta Decay
Lose beta particle Electron/beta
-1 charged ( or electron)
Gamma decay
Lose a particle electromagnetic radiation of
high frequency
Alpha Decay
Lose alpha particle helium nucleus
Mass He- 4 (2 proton + 2 neutron)
+2 charged (2 proton + 2 neutron + 0 e)
Beta Decay
Lose beta particle Electron/beta
-1 charged ( or electron)
Gamma decay
Lose a particle electromagnetic radiation of
high frequency
Decay depend on ratio neutron/proton
Neutron/proton ratio LOW Proton rich
Decay to reduce proton
- Alpha decay, (proton number )
Neutron/proton ratio HIGH Neutron rich
Decay to reduce neutron
-Beta decay ( Neutron Proton + electron)
-Ratio decrease
Neutron/proton ratio HIGH /LOW
-Gamma decay , is associated along
with Alpha and Beta
Video on decay Video on decay Video on decay
Isotopes
Stable Isotopes Unstable Isotopes
Unstable Isotopes emits radiation

RADIOISOTOPES
Radioisotopes
Half-life time taken for conc/amt isotope
to fall to half of its original value.
Half life decay always constant
Emit radiation form unstable
isotope
Radioactive
isotopes
Half-life
Uranium 238 4.5 x 109
Carbon-14 5.7 x 103
Radium-226 1.6 x 103
Strontium-90 28 years
Iodine-131 8.1 days
Bismuth-214 19.7
minutes
Polonium-214 1.5 x 10-4
Isotopes

RADIOISOTOPES
Radioisotopes
Shorter half-life
More unstable, decay fast
Long half-life
More stable, decay slowly
www.sciencelearn.org.nz
isotope
Half-life
Radioactive
isotopes
Half-life
Uranium 238 4.5 x 109
Carbon-14 5.7 x 103
Radium-226 1.6 x 103
Strontium-90 28 years
Iodine-131 8.1 days
Bismuth-214 19.7
minutes
Polonium-214 1.5 x 10-4
Isotopes

RADIOISOTOPES
Simulation isotope 12C, 13C, 14C
Radioisotopes
Shorter half-life
More unstable, decay fast
Long half-life
More stable, decay slowly
www.sciencelearn.org.nz
isotope
Simulation isotope 1H, 2H, 3H
Video on Half life
Simulation half life C-14/uranuim
Half-life
Carbon 3 Isotopes
Radiocarbon/carbon dating
Carbon -12 Carbon -14 Carbon -13
Abundance 99% (Stable) Abundance 1% (Stable) Abundance trace amt
(Unstable , radioactive)
Carbon 3 Isotopes
Half life C-14 = 5730 years
Beta (/electron ) decay
How is form?
C-14 produce in stratosphere when..
neutron hit a nitrogen atom to form C-14
C-14 to N-14 by converting neutron proton
(proton stay in nucleus), electron emit as radiation

emit as ray.

(proton in nucleus increase proton number)

emit as ray.

Ratio C14/C12- constant if alive TAKE in C14 (C12 constant)
Ratio C14/C12- drop if dead - NOT taking C14. (C12 constant)
How it is form?
Carbon 3 Isotopes
Conclusion
Ratio C14/C12 is constant is organism alive
Ratio C14/C12 drop organism die
Uses
Age dead organic material/fossil contain Carbon element
Max age limit is 60,000 years old.
How is form?

emit as ray.

(proton in nucleus increase proton number)

emit as ray.

How it is form?
Carbon -14
Abundance trace amt
How is form?

emit as ray.

(proton in nucleus increase proton
number)

emit as ray.

Carbon -14
Abundance trace amt
How is form?

emit as ray.

number)

emit as ray.

Simulation C-14 (Half life)
At 100% (Starting)
At 50% (Starting)
Click to view simulation
How Radiocarbon dating works?
Carbon -14
Abundance trace amt
How is form?

emit as ray.

number)

emit as ray.

Video on C-14 Carbon Dating Video on C-14 Carbon Dating/Fossil Video on C-14 Half life Carbon Dating
At 100% (Starting)
At 50% (Starting)
Video on Radiocarbon dating
Click to view simulation
Carbon -14
Uses of radioactive isotopes
Radiotherapy/cancer/tumour Tracers/studying metabolic pathways
Cobalt-60
Iodine-131
Carbon -14
Beta (/electron) decay
Cobalt-60
Half life Co-60 = 5.27 years Half life I-131 = 8 days
How Gamma rays works?
How Radio tracer works?
Iodine-131
Sterilization killing bacteria/germ
Radiotherapy kill tumor cells
High energy electromagnetic ray
Gamma + decay
Carbon dating
Age of fossil remains
Radio tracer
Trace the pathway in body
Beta (90%) and (10%) decay
Gamma + decay
Carbon -14
Beta (/electron) decay
Video on C-14 Carbon Dating
Video on Radiocarbon dating
Cobalt-60
Half life Co-60 = 5.27 years Half life I-131 = 8 days
How Gamma rays works?
How Radio tracer works?
Iodine-131
Sterilization killing bacteria/germ
Radiotherapy kill tumor cells
High energy electromagnetic ray
Video on Radio tracer
Video on Radiotherapy
Gamma + decay
Carbon dating
Age of fossil remains
Radio tracer
Trace the pathway in body
Beta (90%) and (10%) decay
Gamma + decay
6 protons + 6 neutrons
8 protons
No isotopes are present
Proton number = proton
Mass number = proton + neutron
Z
A
Atomic /Mass number
6 protons
8 protons
Z
A
Atomic /Mass number
6 protons
Atomic Weight
With isotopes present
Z
Mean relative mass (atomic weight)
A
Video on weighted average
Relative Atomic Mass, (Ar) of an element:
Number of times one atom of the element is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12
Relative atomic mass = Mass of one atom of element
1/12 x mass of one carbon-12
Relative atomic mass for sulphur = 32 (one sulphur atom is 32 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one (C12)
Relative Atomic Mass
Relative Atomic Mass is used :
Impossible to weigh an atom in grams
Compare how heavy one atom is to carbon (standard)
One sulphur atom 32x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12
Carbon -12 used as standard
Z
A
Mass number Average atomic mass
(atomic mass unit)
Relative Atomic Mass, (Ar) of an element:
Number of times one atom of the element is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12
Relative atomic mass = Mass of one atom of element
Relative atomic mass for sulphur = 32 (one sulphur atom is 32 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one (C12)
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/atoms-molecules/atom.php
Carbon-12 as standard
1/12 of C12 = 1 unit
Sulphur 32x heavier
1/12 x = 1 unit
32 unit
Relative Atomic Mass is used :
Impossible to weigh an atom in grams
Compare how heavy one atom is to carbon (standard)
One sulphur atom 32x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12
Carbon -12 used as standard
12
6
32
16
Z
A
Assuming No isotopes present!
Mass number Average atomic mass
(atomic mass unit)
Relative Molecular Mass, (Mr):
Number of times one molecule is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12
Relative molecular mass = Mass of one molecule
Relative molecular mass for H2O= 18 (one H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one
(C12)
Relative Molecular Mass is used :
Impossible to weigh an molecules in grams
Compare one molecule to carbon (standard)
One H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12
Carbon -12 is used as standard
Relative Molecular Mass No isotopes are present
Z
A
Mass number Average atomic weight
(atomic mass unit)
Relative Molecular Mass, (Mr):
Number of times one molecule is heavier than one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12
Relative molecular mass = Mass of one molecule
Relative molecular mass for H2O= 18 (one H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 of mass of one
(C12)
Relative Molecular Mass is used :
Impossible to weigh an molecules in grams
Compare one molecule to carbon (standard)
One H2O is 18 x heavier than 1/12 carbon -12
Carbon -12 is used as standard
Relative Molecular Mass
Carbon-12 as standard
1/12 of C12 = 1 unit
H2O 18x heavier
1/12 x = 1 unit
16 unit
2 unit
18 unit
+
Z
A
Assuming No isotopes present!
Mass number Average atomic weight
(atomic mass unit)
2 protons
Relative Isotopic Mass
Isotopes Atoms of same element with
Different number of neutrons
Same number of protons and electrons
Due to presence of isotopes, when calculating RAM,
weighted average/mean of all isotopes present is used.
Proton number = proton Z = 29 protons
A= 29 protons + 35 neutrons = 64
Z
Presence of isotopes
A
Z
A
X - No isotopes
RAM/Ar X = 11
Mass of 1 atom X
Mass of 1/12 of 12C
Mass of 1 atom X relative to
1/12 mass of 1 atom 12C
Relative Abundance 75% 25%
Isotopes Y - TWO isotopes
RAM/Ar Y = 10.5
Average Mass of 1 atom Y
Mass of 1/12 of 12C
Average mass of 1 atom Y relative to
CI - TWO isotopes
Z
A
Z
A
11
3
17
35
17
37
3 3
10 11
X - No isotopes
RAM/Ar X = 11
Mass of 1 atom X
Mass of 1/12 of 12C
Mass of 1 atom X relative to
Isotopes Y - TWO isotopes
RAM/Ar Y = 10.5
Average Mass of 1 atom Y
Mass of 1/12 of 12C
Average mass of 1 atom Y relative to
RAM /Ar, CI = 35.5
Weighted average mass of 2 isotopes present
= (mass 35CI x % Abundance) + (mass 37CI x %
Abundance)
= (35 x 75/100) + (37 x 25/100)
= 35.5
CI - TWO isotopes
Z
A
Z
A
11
3
17
35
17
37
3 3
10 11
Isotopes are present
Weighted average mass- due to presence of isotopes
RAM = 12.01
Relative Abundance 98.9% 1.07%
13
Why RAM is not a whole number?
12
Relative Isotopic Mass, (Ar) of an element:
Relative isotopic mass = Average mass of one atom of element
Relative isotopic mass, carbon = 12.01
RAM = 12.01
13
RAM, C :
= (Mass 12C x % Abundance) + (Mass 13C x % Abundance)
= (12 x 98.9/100) + (13 x 1.07/100) = 12.01
12
Relative Isotopic Mass, (Ar) of an element:
Relative isotopic mass = Average mass of one atom of element
Relative isotopic mass, carbon = 12.01
Video on Isotopes
RAM = 12.01
13
RAM, C :
= (Mass 12C x % Abundance) + (Mass 13C x % Abundance)
= (12 x 98.9/100) + (13 x 1.07/100) = 12.01
Video on weighted average Weighted average calculation
Video on Isotopes
RAM calculation
12
Mg - 3 Isotopes
24 Mg (100/127.2) x 100% -
78.6%
25 Mg (12.8/127.2) x 100% -
10.0%
26 Mg (14.4/127.2) x 100% -
11.3%
RAM for Mg :
= (Mass 24Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 25Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 26Mg x % Abundance)
= (24 x 78.6/100) + (25 x 10.0/100) + (26 x 11.3/100) = 24.30
Relative Abundance % Abundance
Convert relative abundance to % abundance
Mg - 3 Isotopes
24 Mg (100/127.2) x 100% -
78.6%
25 Mg (12.8/127.2) x 100% -
10.0%
26 Mg (14.4/127.2) x 100% -
11.3%
RAM for Mg :
= (Mass 24Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 25Mg x % Abundance) + (Mass 26Mg x % Abundance)
= (24 x 78.6/100) + (25 x 10.0/100) + (26 x 11.3/100) = 24.30
Pb - 4 Isotopes
204Pb (0.2/10) x 100% -
2%
206Pb (2.4/10) x 100% -
24%
207Pb (2.2/10) x 100% -
22%
208Pb (5.2/10) x 100% -
52%
RAM for Pb :
= (Mass 204Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 206Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 207Pb x % Abundance) + (Mass 208Pb x % Abundance)
= (204 x 2/100) + (206 x 24/100) + (207 x 22/100) + (208 x 52/100) = 207.20
Simulation C-14 dating (Half life) Simulation U-238 dating (Half life)
Additional Resources
Video on isotopes using mass spec Video on Particle Physics (Higgs Field)
Simulation on atomic model
Periodic Table from webelement
Simulation isotope 1H, 2H, 3H
and 12C, 13C, 14C
Excellent Video on scale of universe
Excellent Video Higgs Field (Ted Talk)
Acknowledgements

Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentation
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/nucnot.html
http://www.m2c3.com/chemistry/VLI/M3_Topic2/M3_Topic2_print.html
http://www.universityneurosurgery.com/index.php?src
http://www.medwow.com/med/cobalt-linear-accelerator/radon/tr-cobalt-60/42865.model-spec
http://endocrinesurgery.ucla.edu/patient_education_adm_tst_radioactive_iodine_uptake_test.html

Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenses
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

Prepared by Lawrence Kok

Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorial
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com

Atomic Structure Power Points

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atomic Structure Power Points

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://lawrencekok.blogspot.

You might also like