Completion Fluid Damage Treatment

Options.
Damage Mechanism

Solids invasion

Clay swelling

Clay mobilisation

Water block

Emulsion block


Wettability damage


Precipitation of solids
Treatment Options

HCl:mud acid Solids dependent

HCl:mud acid

HCl:mud acid

Surface Tension Reduction

Dependent on emulsion external
phase.

Mutual Solvents and or
Surfactants

Solids dependent
Formation Damage Treatment
Options
for Different Drive Mechanisms.
Formation Damage Mechanism

Water Drive

Accelerated water production after
acidizing.

Asphaltene damage

Water production

Scale formation

Gas Drive

Water block

Paraffin damage


Treatment



Selective acidizing


Paravan/Solvent soaks

Aquatrol 1,2 or 3, Direxit

Depends on composition



Reduce surface tension

Paravan/Sovent soaks




Formation Damage Mechanism


Solution Drive

Water block

Inadequate formation pressure

Organic formation damage

Combination Drive
Treatment




Reduce surface tension

Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen

Paravan/Sovent soaks

All of the above
Formation Damage Treatment Options
for Different Drive Mechanisms.
Temperature Considerations


150F

L

L

U

L

L

L

L

U


L

L



165F

L

L

U

L

L

L

L

U


L

L



170F

M

M

U

M
2

L

L

L

U


L

M



180F

M

M

U

M
2


L

M

M

U


L

M



185F

M

M

U

M
2


L

M

M

U


L

M



200F

U

M

M

U

L

M

M

M
3



M

U



240F

U

U

L

U

L

U

U

M
3



M

U


Situation


Emulsion Blocks

Organic Deposition

Asphaltene Coking

Bacteria

CaCO
3
Scale

BaSO
4
Scale

CaSO
4
Scale

Chlorination of Mutual
Solvents

Rigid Emulsion Film

Are Retarded HF
Systems Economical
Temperatures
Treatment Options for Formation Damage Caused by Indigenous Minerals
Siderite,
Hematite
Iron Hydroxide
Precipitation
Acidize - Standard HCl/HCl:HF with
properly evaluated sequesterants
Pyrite Iron Hydroxide
Precipitate.
Asphaltene
Sludging
Mobile Fines
Formation
Fines
(Feldspars,
Quartz, Etc)
High Flow Rates Preflush - 7.5% HCl
Acidize - 7.5:1.5 HCl:HF + Boric
Acid (Volume as required).
Overflush - as required.
Calcite,
Dolomite
>18% - HCl Only.
<18% - Standard HCl/HCl:HF
Calcium
Fluoride
Precipitation
Contact of
calcium ion with
HF Acid.
Oxygen Rich
Systems
Oxygen Rich
Systems
Preflush - 25 Gal/ft Xylene + 10%
Acetic
Acidize - Standard HCl/HCl:HF with
properly evaluated sequesterants
Mineral Potential
Problems
Treatment Options What To
Avoid
Mineral Potential
Problems
Treatment Options What To
Avoid
Kaolinite Mobile Fines Rate Control.
<5%-Acidize - Standard HCL/HCL:HF
>5% - Evaluate for Stress Pack
High Flow Rates
Illite Mushing Permeability > 120 Md Acidize -
Standard HCl/HCl:HF
Permeability < 120 md reduce
surface tension to 30 Dynes/Cm
2
Fresh Water
Systems
Swelling Acidize - Standard HCl/HCl:HF
Perform Immersion Tests to see if
alcohol/acid blends or other
additives are necessary to prevent
swelling
(Montmoril-
Smectite
lonite)
Fresh Water
Systems
Chlorite Iron Hydroxide
Precipitate,
Hydrous Silicates
Amorphous
Alumino Silicate
Acidize - Standard HCl/HCl:HF with
properly evaluated sequestering
agents, boric acid volume as
required. Overflush as required
Oxygen Rich
Systems: Ph>2.8
Inadequate
Sequesterant.
Buffered Acids
Treatment Options for Formation Damage Caused by Indigenous Minerals
Chamosite Iron Hydroxide
Precipitate
Oxygen Rich
Systems: Ph>2.8
Acidize - Standard HCl/HCl:HF with
properly evaluated sequesterants
Mineral Potential
Problems
Treatment Options What To
Avoid
Swelling Acidize - Standard Hcl/Hcl:Hf Mixed Layer
Illite/ Smectite
Fresh Water
Systems
Feldspars Silica
Precipitation
> 20%- 7.5% HCl, 7.5:1.5 HCl:HF
< 20%- Standard HCl/HCl:HF
High % of HF Acid
Treatment Options for Formation Damage Caused by Indigenous Minerals
Acid Treating Volumes Based on
Permeability
Average Permeability
w/o Damage
Ku (md).

< 0.1 md


0.1 - 1.0 md


1.0 - 10 md


10- 50 md


> 50 md


Normal HCl
Range Gal/ft
(L/M)

15-25
(185-310)

25-50
(310-620)

35-75
(430-930)

50-100
(620-1240)

50-100
(620-1240)


Normal HCl:HF
Range Gal/ft
(L/M)

Not Recommended


35-50
(430-620)

75-100
(930-1240)

100-150
(1240-1865)

100-200
(1240-2480)



Recommended Treating Volume of
HCl:HF in
Gallons Per Square Foot of Pay
GALLONS PER FOOT OF TREATED INTERVAL
T
R
E
A
T
I
N
G

R
A
D
I
U
S

(
F
t
)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
20 gallons
per sq.ft

15 gallons
per sq.ft
10 gallons
per sq.ft

5 gallons
per sq.ft
Volume of 12:3 HCl:HF Required
to Treat a 3.0 Inch Damage Zone -
Gallons Per Foot of Pay.
Temperature

100 F

Gal/ft

70

50

50

50

50

50

50


150 F

Gal/ft

80

65

55

50

50

50

50




200 F

Gal/ft

100

75

65

55

50

50

50


250 F

Gal/ft

120

80

75

65

50

50

50
Pump Rate



BPM/ft

0.001

0.005

0.010

0.025

0.050

0.100

0.200
Volume of 12:3 HCl:HF
Required to Treat a 6.0 Inch
Damage Zone - Gallons Per
Foot of Pay.
Temperature

100 F

Gal/ft

350

275

225

175

140

130


150 F

Gal/ft

350

350

300

250

200

160




200 F

Gal/ft

350

350

350

325

260

210


250 F

Gal/ft

350

350

350

350

320

260
Pump Rate


BPM/ft

0.005

0.010

0.025

0.050

0.100

0.200
Gallons Per Foot of Treating Fluid
for
Differing Porosities.
B
A
R
R
E
L
S

P
E
R

F
O
O
T

O
F

S
A
N
D

T
H
I
C
K
N
E
S
S

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
35 %
Porosity
100 %
Porosity
RADIUS DISTANCE IN FEET FROM WALL OF 7 INCH WELLBORE
G
A
L
L
O
N
S

P
E
R

F
O
O
T

O
F

S
A
N
D

T
H
I
C
K
N
E
S
S

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5.0 %
Porosity
15 %
Porosity
25 %
Porosity
Acid Selection Based On %Carbonate
& Temperature.
Temp
F (C)



< 200
(93)




200-250
(93-121)



250-350
(121-177)





>350
(177)




Temp
F (C)



< 250
(121)









250-350
(121-177)





>350
(177)




5.0 to 15%



75 gal/ft
(930 L/M)
15% HCl
followed by
HCl: HF

50 gal/ft
(620 L/M)
7.5% HCl
followed by
HCl: HF

35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
7.5% HCl +
10% Formic
followed by
Formic:HF

35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
10% Formic
followed by
Formic:HF

10 to 15%



75 gal/ft
(930 L/M)
15% HCl
then wash
perforations
with
HCl: HF





50 gal/ft
(620 L/M)
7.5% HCl +
10% Formic



35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
10% Formic



> 15%



100 gal/ft
(1240 L/M)
15% HCl









50 gal/ft
(620 L/M)
7.5% HCl +
10% Formic



35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
10% Formic


Percentage of Carbonate in the Formation
< 5.0%



50 gal/ft
(620 L/M)
15% HCl followed
by HCl: HF

35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
7.5% HCl
followed by
HCl: HF

35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
10% Formic
Formic:HCl
or
Formic:HF

35 gal/ft
(430 L/M)
10% Formic
or Formic:HF

HCl Acid Strength Based on
Formation Solubility
Formation Solubility
(Percentage)

0 -10

10 - 20

20 - 40

Greater than 40
Acid Strength
(Percentage)

3 - 5

5 - 7.5

7.5 - 10

10 - 28
Flow Improvement Ratio of Various
Treating Solutions
in Berea Sandstones
Treating Volume : Gallons Per Square Foot
F
l
o
w

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t


R
a
t
i
o

K

20.0 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
7.5% HCl - 4% HF
15% HCl - 4% HF
15% HCl - 3% HF
15% HCl
15% HCl - 7% HF
15% HCl - 2% HF
Recommended Preflush
Volume in Gallons of 15%
HCl Per Foot of Pay for
Various Radii.
G
A
L
L
O
N
S

O
F

1
5

%

H
C
l

P
E
R

F
O
O
T

O
F

P
A
Y


0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TREATING RADIUS (FEET)
1
10
100
1000
1.0 % HCl Solubility
5.0 % HCl Solubility
10 % HCl Solubility
Selective Acidizing
Treatment Options
Situation

Oil Well - Non Gravel Packed

Oil Well - Gravel Packed

Gas Well
Treatment

SAF Mark II

SAF

65 Quality Foam Preflush
Relative Retarding Action of
Different Systems
Regular
Acid



HCl Acid



HCl:HF
Mixture of
HCl + Organic



Super-Sol
(EQH) Acids

Chemically
Retarded Acid



Sta-Live Acid
Systems


Retarded Mud Sol
Systems. (HCl:HF)
SGMA

Physically
Retarded Acid



Gelled Acids and
Crosslinked Acid.


SRA-3 Emulsified
Acid.
Sandstone Acid
Least Most Retardation
Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
Guidelines.
Reservoir Type

Gas.

Low Pressure Gas.

Oil, (Above the Bubble Point).

Oil, (Below the Bubble Point).

Water Injection or Disposal Well.
Nitrogen

Yes

Yes

(3, 4)

Yes

(3, 4)
Carbon Dioxide

Yes (1)

(2)

Yes

Yes

(3, 4)
Injection Rates (Non-Fracturing)
into Permeable Formations at
Various Differential Pressures.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
D P=2000 PSI
D P=2500 PSI
D P=1500 PSI
D P=1000 PSI
D P= 500 PSI
D P= 200 PSI
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
0
10
20
30
40
50
FORMATION CAPACITY, kh - md.ft.
I
N
J
E
C
T
I
O
N

R
A
T
E

Q

-

B
A
R
R
E
L
S

P
E
R

M
I
N
U
T
E


0
1
2
3
4
5
DARCEY'S EQUATION FOR RADIAL FLOW

Drainage Radius = 5.0 ft
Injected Fluid Viscosity = 1.0 cp
Differential Pressure (D P)
Treating Pressure (+ Plus)
Hydrostatic Column (- Minus)
Reservoir Pressure = psi
Formation Capacity (kh)
Average Effective Permeability
x Thickness of Sand Body = md. ft.
( For small volume treatments in partially saturated reservoirs)
Recommended Acid Strengths at Different Temperatures.

Temperature

Up to 180 F (82 C)

180 F to 220 F
(82 C to 104 C)

Above 220 F (104 C)
Maximum
HCl Strength

15%

10%


7.5%
Maximum
HCl:HF Strength

12:3%

9:3%


7.5:1.5%

Common Strengths Of HCl: HF
MIxtures
% HCl

6.0
7.5
12
15
15
% HF

0.5
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.0
Reaction of Acids on Limestone
at Various Concentrations.
Acid




HCl *



Acetic



Formic
Concentration
%



15*
20
25

15*
20
25

15*
20
25
Calcium Carbonate
Dissolved
Per Gallon.
Pounds

1.84
2.50
3.22

1.08
1.43
1.80

1.42
1.90
2.40
Carbon Dioxide
Formed
Per Gallon.
cu.ft.

6.99
9.47
12.20

4.09
5.41
6.82

5.38
7.20
9.09
Calcium Salt
Formed
Per Gallon.
Pounds

2.04
2.75
3.57

1.71
2.25
2.84

1.84
2.47
3.12
Amount of Limestone
Dissolved by 1000 Gallons of
HCl Acid
P
O
U
N
D
S

O
F

L
I
M
E
S
T
O
N
E

D
I
S
S
O
V
E
D

B
Y


1
0
0
0

G
A
L
L
O
N
S

O
F

H
C
l

A
C
I
D

STRENGTH OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID %
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
F
t
3

O
F

L
I
M
E
S
T
O
N
E

D
I
S
S
O
L
V
E
D

B
Y



1
0
0
0

G
A
L
L
O
N
S

O
F

H
C
l

A
C
I
D

Relative Reaction Rates of 15%
HCl with
Limestone Formations at 75 F.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
* Atmospheric pressure
at sea level
Curve

A
B
C
D

Pressure
psi


14.7 *
400
800
1200

T
o
t
a
l

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

%


Minutes
D

C

A

B

Relative Reaction Rates of 15% HCl
with
Limestone Formations at 140 F.
Minutes
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T
o
t
a
l

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

%


Curve




A
B
C
D

Pressure
psi


14.7 *
400
1200
2000

* Atmospheric pressure at sea
level
A

B

D

C

Relative Reaction Rates of 15%
HCl with
Dolomite Formations at 75 F.
Minutes
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T
o
t
a
l

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

%


* Atmospheric pressure at sea
level
Curve

A
B


Pressure
psi

14.7 *
2000

A
B
Relative Reaction Rates of 15% HCl
with
Dolomite Formations at 140 F.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T
o
t
a
l

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

%


Minutes
A

B

C

D






* Atmospheric pressure at sea
level
Curve



A
B
C
D
Pressure
psi


14.7 *
400
1200
2000