Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier

Waveforms
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier
Performance Parameters
Average value of the output voltage, V
dc

Average value of the output current, I
dc

Output dc power, P
dc

P
dc
= V
dc
I
dc

rms value of the output voltage, V
rms
Output ac power, P
ac

P
ac
= V
rms
I
rms


Performance Parameters (continued)
Efficiency,
= P
dc
/P
ac

Effective (rms) value of the ac component
of the output voltage, V
ac

V
ac
= \V
rms
2
V
dc
2
Form factor, FF
FF = V
rms
/V
dc

Ripple factor, RF
RF = V
ac
/V
dc

Performance Parameters (continued)
Alternate form for ripple factor



Transformer utilization factor, TUF
TUF = P
dc
/V
s
I
s

V
s
, I
s
are rms voltage and current of the
transformer secondary
2 2
( ) 1 1
rms
dc
V
RF FF
V
= =
Input Voltage and Current
Performance Parameters (continued)
Displacement angle,
Displacement Factor, DF
DF = cos()
Harmonic Factor, HF


1
2
2 2
1
2
2 1
2
1 1
( ) ( ) 1
s s s
s s
I I I
HF
I I
(

= =
(

Performance Parameters (continued)
Power Factor, PF

1 1
cos cos
s s s
s s s
V I I
PF
V I I
= u = u
Performance Parameters (continued)
Crest Factor, CF

( ) s peak
s
I
CF
I
=
Example 3.1
Determine , FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the
diode, CF of the input current, input PF.
Determine the Average Voltage, V
dc

0
2
0
1
( )
1
sin
(cos 1)
2
T
dc L
T
dc m
m
dc
V v t dt
T
V V tdt
T
V T
V
T
e
e
e
}
}
=
=
=
1
2
0.318
0.318
m
dc m
dc m
dc
f
T
f
V
V V
V V
I
R R
e t
t
=
=
= =
= =
Determine the rms Voltage, V
rms

1
2
2
0
1
2
2
2
0
1
( )
1
( sin )
0.5
2
0.5
T
rms L
T
rms m
m
rms m
rms m
rms
V v t dt
T
V V t dt
T
V
V V
V V
I
R R
e
}
}
(
=
(

(
=
(

= =
= =
Determine P
dc
, P
ac
, and
2
2
2
2
(0.318 )
(0.5 )
(0.318 )
40.5%
(0.5 )
m
dc
m
ac
m
m
V
P
R
V
P
R
V
V
q
=
=
= =
Determine FF and RF
2
2
0.5
0.318
1.57 157%
1
1.57 1 1.21 121%
rms m
dc m
V V
FF
V V
FF
RF FF
RF
= =
= =
=
= = =
Determine the TUF
1
2
2
0
2
1
( sin ) 0.707
2
0.5
(0.318 )
0.5
(0.707 )( )
0.286
T
m
s m m
m
s load
m
dc
m
s s
m
V
V V t dt V
T
V
I I
R
V
P
R
TUF
V
V I
V
R
TUF
e
}
(
= = =
(

= =
= =
=
Determine the PIV
PIV is the maximum (peak) voltage that
appears across the diode when reverse
biased. Here, PIV = V
m
.

-
+
+ -
PIV
Determine CF
( )
( )
0.5
2
0.5
s peak
s
m
s peak
m
s
m
m
I
CF
I
V
I
R
V
I
R
V
R
CF
V
R
=
=
=
= =
Determine PF
2
cos
(0.5 )
0.707
0.5
(0.707 )( )
ac
m
m
m
P
PF
VA
V
R
PF
V
V
R
= u =
= =
Summary Half-Wave Rectifier
RF=121% High
Efficiency = 40.5 Low
TUF = 0.286 Low
1/TUF = 3.496
transformer must be 3.496 times larger than
when using a pure ac voltage source
Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load
Waveforms of Current and Voltage
Conduction period of D
1
extends beyond t =
Average Output Voltage
| |
| |
0
0
sin ( )
2
cos
2
1 cos( )
2
m
dc
m
dc
m
dc
dc
dc
V
V td t
V
V t
V
V
V
I
R
t o
t o
e e
t
e
t
t o
t
+
+
=
=
= +
=
}
Increase average voltage and current by making = 0
Waveforms with D
m
installed
Application as a Battery Charger
Diode conducts for v
s
> E,
starting when V
m
sin = E
Waveforms for the Battery Charger



Diode turns off when
v
s
< E (at = )
Charging current
i
o
= (v
s
E)/R
i
o
= (V
m
sint E)/R
for < t <
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier
Center-Tapped Transformer
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Rectifier
2
0
2
sin
2
0.636
T
dc m
m
dc
dc m
V V t
T
V
V
V V
e
t
=
=
=
}
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier
PIV = 2V
m

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Bridge
Full-Wave Bridge with Waveforms
Conduction pattern
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
PIV = V
m