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Lecture 11: Fourier Transform
Properties and Examples
3. Basis functions (3 lectures): Concept of basis
function. Fourier series representation of time
functions. Fourier transform and its properties.
Examples, transform of simple time functions.
Objecties:
1. Properties of a Fourier transform

Linearit! & time s"ifts

#ifferentiation

$onolution in the frequency domain

. !nderstand "hy an ideal lo% pass filter cannot be
manufactured
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Lecture 11: &esources
$ore material
#
$a$% &&'% Chapter (.3% C(.(
#
$a$% )*+% Chapter 3.,
#
$a-$.% C% Chapter /.(% ,.1
Bac'(round
'hile the Fourier series)transform is *ery important for
representin0 a si0nal in the fre*uenc! domain% it is also
important for calculatin( a s!stem+s response ,con*olution).
#
. s!stem+s transfer function is the Fourier transform of its
impulse response
#
Fourier transform of a si0nal1s deriatie is multiplication in
the fre*uenc! domain: jX(j)
#
Con*olution in the time domain is 0i*en by multiplication in
the fre*uenc! domain (similar idea to lo0 transformations)
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&eie%: Fourier Transform
. C2 si0nal x(t) and its frequency domain% Fourier transform si0nal%
X(j)% are related by
2his is denoted by:
For e3ample:
&ften you ha*e tables for common Fourier transforms
2he Fourier transform% X(j)% represents the fre*uenc! content of
x(t).
4t e3ists either "hen x(t)567 as 8t8569 or "hen x(t) is periodic (it
0enerali:es the Fourier series)

d e j X t x
dt e t x j X
t j
t j
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( j X t x
F

j a
t u e
F
at
+

1
) (
analysis
synthesis
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Linearit! of t"e Fourier Transform
2he Fourier transform is a linear function of x(t)
2his follo"s directly from the definition of the Fourier
transform (as the inte0ral operator is linear) & it easily
e3tends to an arbitrary number of si0nals
-i;e impulses<con*olution% if "e ;no" the Fourier transform
of simple si0nals% "e can calculate the Fourier transform
of more comple3 si0nals "hich are a linear combination
of the simple si0nals
1 1
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F
F
F
x t X j
x t X j
ax t bx t aX j bX j

+ +
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Fourier Transform of a Time -"ifted -i(nal
'e1ll sho" that a Fourier transform of a si0nal "hich has a simple
time s"ift is:
i.e. the ori0inal Fourier transform but s"ifted in p"ase by t
7
Proof
Consider the Fourier transform synthesis equation:
but this is the synthesis equation for the Fourier transform
e
5j
7
t
X(j)
( )
0
0
1
2
( )
1
0 2
1
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
j t
j t t
j t j t
x t X j e d
x t t X j e d
e X j e d

) ( )} ( {
0
0

j X e t t x F
t j

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Example: Linearit! . Time -"ift
Consider the si0nal (linear sum of t"o
time shifted rectan0ular pulses)
"here x
1
(t) is of "idth 1% 3

(t) is of "idth 3%
centred on :ero (see fi0ures)
!sin0 the F2 of a rectan0ular pulse -17$=
2hen usin0 the linearit! and time s"ift
Fourier transform properties
) 5 . 2 ( ) 5 . 2 ( 5 . 0 ) (
2 1
+ t x t x t x

) 2 / sin( 2
) (
1
j X
( )

,
_

) 2 / 3 sin( 2 ) 2 / sin(
) (
2 / 5 j
e j X

) 2 / 3 sin( 2
) (
2
j X
t
t
t
x
1
(t)
x

(t)
x

(t)
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Fourier Transform of a #eriatie
>y differentiatin0 both sides of the Fourier transform
synthesis equation "ith respect to t:
2herefore notin0 that this is the synthesis equation for the
Fourier transform jX(j)
2his is *ery important% because it replaces differentiation in
the time domain "ith multiplication (by j) in the
fre*uenc! domain.
'e can sole O#Es in the fre*uenc! domain usin0
al(ebraic operations (see ne3t slides)
) (
) (
j X j
dt
t dx
F

1
2
( )
( )
j t
dx t
j X j e d
dt

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$onolution in t"e Fre*uenc! #omain
'e can easily sol*e &?@s in the frequency domain:
2herefore% to apply conolution in t"e fre*uenc! domain% "e
Aust ha*e to multipl! the t%o Fourier Transforms.
2o sol*e for the differential<con*olution equation usin0 Fourier
transforms:
1. Calculate Fourier transforms of x(t) and h(t): X(j) by H(j)
/. 0ultipl! H(j) by X(j) to obtain Y(j)
3. Calculate the inerse Fourier transform of Y(j)
H(j) is the -24 system1s transfer function "hich is the Fourier
transform of the impulse response% h(t). +ery important in
the remainder of the course (usin0 -aplace transforms)
2his result is pro*en in the appendi3
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( j X j H j Y t x t h t y
F

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Example 1: -olin( a First Order O#E
Calculate the response of a C2 -24 system "ith impulse response:
to the input si0nal:
2a;in0 Fourier transforms of both si0nals:
0i*es the o*erall frequency response:
to con*ert this to the time domain% e3press as partial fractions:
2herefore% the C2 system response is:
0 ) ( ) ( >

b t u e t h
bt
0 ) ( ) ( >

a t u e t x
at

j a
j X
j b
j H
+

1
) ( ,
1
) (
) )( (
1
) (

j a j b
j Y
+ +

,
_

) (
1
) (
1 1
) (

j b j a a b
j Y
assume
ba
( ) ) ( ) ( ) (
1
t u e t u e t y
bt at
a b

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h(t)
t
7
Consider an ideal lo% pass filter in frequency domain:
2he filter+s impulse response is the inerse Fourier transform
"hich is an ideal lo" pass C2 filter. )o"e*er it is non5causal% so
this cannot be manufactured e3actly & the time5domain
oscillations may be undesirable
'e need to appro3imate this filter "ith a causal system such as 1
st

order -24 system impulse response Bh(t)% H(j)C:
Example /: #esi(n a Lo% Pass Filter
1 | |
( )
0 | |
( ) | |
( )
0 | |
c
c
c
c
H j
X j
Y j

<

'
>

<

'
>

H(j)

c
t
t
d e t h
c
t j
c
c

) sin(
) (
2
1

1
( ) 1
( ) ( ), ( )
F
at
y t
a y t x t e u t
t a j

+
+
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Lecture 11: -ummar!
2he Fourier transform is "idely used for desi0nin0 filters. Dou can
desi0n systems "ith reAect hi0h frequency noise and Aust retain
the lo" frequency components. 2his is natural to describe in the
fre*uenc! domain.
4mportant properties of the Fourier transform are:
1. Linearit! and time s"ifts
. #ifferentiation
3. $onolution
$ome operations are simplified in the frequency domain% but there
are a number of si0nals for "hich the Fourier transform does not
e3ist this leads naturally onto Laplace transforms. $imilar
properties hold for -aplace transforms & the -aplace transform is
"idely used in en0ineerin0 analysis.
) (
) (
j X j
dt
t dx
F

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( j X j H j Y t x t h t y
F

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( j bY j aX t by t ax
F
+ +
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Lecture 11: Exercises
T"eor!
1. !sin0 linearity & time shift calculate the Fourier transform of
. !se the F2 deri*ati*e relationship ($=) and the Fourier
series<transform e3pression for sin(
7
t) (-175$3) to e*aluate the F2 of
cos(
7
t).
3. Calculate the F2s of the systems1 impulse responses
a) b)
(. Calculate the system responses in E3 "hen the follo"in0 input si0nal
is applied
0atlab)-imulin'
/. +erify the ans"er to E1 usin0 the Fourier transform toolbo3 in Fatlab
,. +erify E3 and E( in $imulin;
=. $imulate a first order system in $imulin; and input a series of
sinusoidal si0nals "ith different frequencies. )o" does the response
depend on the input frequency ($1)G
) ( ) ( 3
) (
t x t y
t
t y
+

) ( ) (
5
t u e t x
t

) 2 ( 7 ) 1 ( 5 ) (
) 2 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3
+

t u e t u e t x
t t
( )
3 ( ) ( )
y t
y t x t
t

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Lecture 1/: Tutorial
2his "ill be combined "ith the -aplace 2utorial -1,
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/12
1ppendix: Proof of $onolution Propert!
2a;in0 Fourier transforms 0i*es:
4nterchan0in0 the order of inte0ration% "e ha*e
>y the time shift property% the brac;eted term is e
5j
H(j)% so

d t h x t y ) ( ) ( ) (

,
_

dt e d t h x j Y
t j
) ( ) ( ) (

,
_

d dt e t h x j Y
t j
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (

j X j H
d e x j H
d j H e x j Y
j
j