NO.

NAME ROLL NO
1.
SAEDUL KARIM
M110203026
2.
MD. SAIF ULLAH
M110203007
3.
MD. IMRAN HOSSAIN
M110203033
4.
MD. AKTER HOSSAIN
M110203075
5.
FAISAL AHAMED
M110203053
Computer Networks
A computer network is a telecommunications network
that allows to exchange data. In computer networks,
networked computing devices pass data to each other
along data connections. The connections between
network links are established using either cable media
or wireless media. The best-known computer network is
the Internet.

Types of Networks
Depending upon the geographical area covered
by a network, it is classified as:

Local Area Network(LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
Wide Area Network(WAN)
Persona Area Network(PAN)


Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance.
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school,
computer laboratory, or office building using network media .
LANs can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre
optic cable can be used in wired LANs.
In LAN there is a central computer and all work station or
computers are connected with central.
All computers are independent.
Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These
topologies include: Bus, Ring and Star.
LANs are capable of very high transmission rates (100s Mb/s to G
b/s).
Server computer helps work station in a complicated problem.
Has lower cost compared to MANs or WANs
LANs enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware
devices that may be needed by multiple users
A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but
smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically
owned an operated by a single entity such as a government
body or large corporation.
A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing
of regional resources.
A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km
diameter.
Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that
provides a high speed DSL to customers and cable TV
network.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the
largest WAN, spanning the Earth.
A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs.
Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one
organization but rather exist under collective or distributed
ownership and management.
Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such as
bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable them to share data.
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
WANs may transmit data over high-speed phone lines or
wireless links such as satellites.

Personal Area Network (PAN)
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for
communication among computerized devices, including
telephones and personal digital assistants.
PANs can be used for communication among the personal
devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for
connecting to a higher level network and the internet. The reach
of a PAN is typically a few meters.
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over
wireless network technologies such as
Wireless USB
Bluetooth
Body Ares Network
Network topology
Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links,
nodes etc.) of a computer network. Network topology is the layout or
organizational hierarchy of interconnected nodes of a computer
network.
Common layouts are:

Bus network topology : All nodes are connected to a common
medium along this medium.
A star network topology : all nodes are connected to a special
central node. This is the typical layout found in a Wireless
LAN, where each wireless client connects to the central
Wireless access point.
A ring network topology : each node is connected to its left
and right neighbour node, such that all nodes are connected
and that each node can reach each other node by traversing
nodes left- or rightwards.
A mesh network: each node is connected to an arbitrary
number of neighbors in such a way that there is at least one
traversal from any node to any other.
A fully connected network: each node is connected to every
other node in the network.
Hardware and Software
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements
that constitute a computer system. Computer hardware
refers to the physical parts or components of a computer
such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard
drive disk, mouse, system unit (graphic cards, sound cards,
memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are
physical objects that you can actually touch. In contrast,
Software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas,
application, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.
A combination of hardware and software forms a usable
computing system.

Network protocols
A network protocol defines rules and conventions for
communication between network devices
A protocol is a standard used to define a method of
exchanging data over a computer network such as local area
network, Internet, Intranet, etc. Each protocol has its own
method of how data is formatted when sent and what to do
with it once received, how that data is compressed or how to
check for errors in data.
One of the most common and known protocols is HTTP
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), which is a protocol used to
transmit data over the world wide web (Internet).

Client-server computing
Client-server is server software accepts requests for
data from client software and returns the results to
the client.
In CS Relationship most of the application
processing is done on a computer (client side),
which obtains application services (such as
database services) from another computer (server
side).

Broadband wireless networks
Since the beginning of this millennium, there has been an
remarkable growth in broadband wireless networks. The growth
of wireless broadband networks is expected to gradually outpace
landline communications because advancements in these
technologies have continued to enable higher broadband speeds.
The characteristics of these technologies are examined.

Futures trends in communication
There are two kinds of broadband wireless networks.
Fixed broadband wireless networks
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
The broadband mobile wireless network
3G
4G
Wi-Fi is an acronym that means "Wireless Fidelity , wireless
internet". it a popular technology that allows an electronic
device to exchange data or connect to the internet wirelessly
using radio waves.
Wi-Fi networks have limited range.
Many traditional University campuses in Bangladesh provide
wireless Wi-Fi Internet coverage. such as Jagannath University ,
Dhaka University etc.
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
WiMAX is an acronym that means Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access.it is a wireless communications standard
designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates.
Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are
known as subscriber stations.
WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres.
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities
and countries through a variety of devices
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services
Third-Generation Networks(3G)
3G, short for third Generation,is the third generation of mobile
telecommunications technology. 3G telecommunication networks support
services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s.
Allows for advanced technology, multimedia services and larger network
capacity.
Allows location based services like weather reports on the mobile.
3G enables video calls, therefore, business conferencing between cities,
states, and even countries
3G is cheaper for providers, however, plans are more expensive due to the
high cost of implementation of 3G network.
Fourth-Generation Networks(4G)
In telecommunications 4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone
communication technology standards. It is a successor to the third
generation(3G) standards.
Internet
The internet is a global, interconnected computer network in
which every computer connected to it can exchange data with
any other connected computer.
Internet is a large computer network or network of
networks an instantaneous and global messaging system.
When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can
send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics,
voice, video, and computer programs.
The high-speed, fiber-optic cables (called backbones) through
which the bulk of the Internet data travels are owned by
telephone companies in their respective countries.
Internet Users
In 2013
World population 7.1 billion
Internet users 2.77 billion
As % 39 %
Feature of internet
A Complex Network: - With the simplified definition as a Network of the
Networks that comprises over 150 million computers.
Disorganized: - The Internet can be cumbersome and confusing, even for
experienced users.
A Decentralized system: - Millions of individual networks and over 150 million
individual computers connected throughout the world.
Composed of billion files: - Files pertaining (relevant) to thousands of subjects,
disciplines (regulations or order) and professions are available in different file
format.
Widely used: - More than 147 million people use the internet over 40 million of
whom use it daily.
International in scope: - This global network is accessed by people in
approximately 140 countries; people in over 155 countries use internet for
electronic mail purpose.
Dynamic: - Changing every minute of every day. On an average, a new network is
connected to the Internet every 30 minutes.
Expanding Exponentially: - the Internet is growing at the rate of 12 % per month
Impact of Internet on society
Positive Impact
Communication
Knowledge
Working from home
Freedom of speech
Business Expandation
Negative Impact
Illegal Material shown on web sites
Viruses
Computerized fund
Disgusting E-mail
Crime
Applications of internet
The internet is treated as one of the biggest invention. It has a
large number of uses.
Communication: it is used for sending and receiving message from
one and other through internet by using electronic mail. Some of the
web sites providing this service are yahoomail.com Hotmail.com
rediffmail.com etc
Job searches: getting information regarding availability of job in
different sectors and areas. You can publish your resume in online for
prospective job. Some of the web sites providing this service are
naukri.com, monster.com, summerjob.com, recuritmentindia.com etc.
Finding books and study material : books and other study material
stored around the world can be easily located through internet. Latest
encyclopedias are available online.
Applications of internet
Health and medicine: internet provide information and
knowledge about field of health medicine people can have
information about various disease and can receive help
.patient can be taken to virtual check room where they can
meet doctors. Some of the web sites providing this service
are
Travel: one can use internet to gather information about
various tourist place . it can be used for booking Holiday
tours , hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites
providing this service areindiatravelog.com, rajtravel.com,
makemytrip.com.
Entertainment one can download jokes, songs movies, latest
sports updates through internet Some of the web sites
providing this service arecricinfo.com, movies.com espn.com
Applications of internet
Shopping : internet is also used for online shopping. By just
giving accounts details you can perform the transaction. You
can even pay your bills and perform bank related transaction.
Stock market updates : you can sell or buy shares while sitting
on computer through internet. Several websites like
ndtvprofit.com, moneypore.com, provide information
regarding investment
Research : a large number of people are using internet for
research purposes you can download any kind information by
using internet
Business use of internet: different ways by which internet can
be used for business.
Web Browser
Web Browser
A web browser is an interface between human and the
internet.
A web browser is a program we use to view pages on and
navigate the World Wide Web (WWW)
It is also known as Internet navigation tool
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World
Wide Web, they can also be used to access information
provided by web servers in private networks or files in file
systems.
The major web browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
Internet Explorer, Opera , Safari etc
Internet service provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business or organization that offers
users access to the Internet and related services. It is also called Internet
access provider. Many but not all ISPs are telephone companies or other
telecommunication providers. They provide services such as Internet access,
Internet transit, domain name registration and hosting, dial-up
access, leased line access and colocation. Internet service providers may be
organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-
profit, or otherwise privately owned.
There are different types of ISP.
Access Provider
Mailbox Provider
Hosting ISP
Internet Transit
Virtual ISP
Free ISP
Internet Service Provider
Access providers employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to
connect to their network. Over time, available technologies have ranged
from acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to cable, wi-fi, and fiber optics.
Wireless access is another option, including satellite Internet access.
Many access providers also provide hosting and email services.
A mailbox provider is a department or organization that provides email
mailbox hosting services. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and
store email for other organizations and/or end users, on their behalf and upon
their explicit mandate.
Hosting ISPs
Hosting ISPs routinely provide email, FTP, and web-hosting services. Other
services include virtual machines, clouds, or entire physical servers where
customers can run their own custom software
Internet Service Provider
Internet transit is the service of allowing network traffic to cross or
"transit" a computer network, usually used to connect a smaller Internet
service provider (ISP) to the larger Internet.
The transit service is typically priced per megabit per second per month,
and customers are often required to commit to a minimum volume
of bandwidth, and usually to a minimum term of service as well.
A Virtual ISP (VISP), also known as an Affinity ISP, is an Internet Service
Provider (ISP) that resells the resources of existing ISPs under another
brand name.
Free ISPs
Free ISPs are Internet service providers which provide service free of
charge.


World Wide Web
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday
speech. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not the same.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In
contrast, the web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a
collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and
URLs, usually accessed by web browsers from web servers. In short, the
web can be thought of as an application "running" on the Internet.

The World Wide Web commonly known as the web is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web
browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos,
and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
Importance for Trade
The Internet is becoming a key platform for commerce that is
increasingly happening between buyers and sellers located in
different countries, thereby driving international trade. Additionally,
as the Internet enables cross-border data flows this is also
underpinning global economic integration and international trade.
Internet facilities in trade
Internet plays a vital role to ensure the best communications
possible to avoid mistakes in communications, orders, finance,
and many other important areas.
The expense of long-distance communication is virtually
eliminated, and electronic networks have been improved to
reduce fraud while facilitating trade.
Social communication through internet is more important for the
small business to facilitate international trade than the size of a
business physical footprint. The small business is just naturally
geared to international trade since physical offices arent
required, just virtual ones.
Although trade doesnt have to involve the Internet, many
resources of aid are provided through the Internet.
Through internet it is very easy to research the market. There a
lot of information are gathered in internet