Todays Lecture

Block 1: Mole Balances (Review)

Size CSTRs and PFRs given r
A
=f(X)
Conversion for Reactors in Series
Block 2: Rate Laws
Reaction Orders
Arrhenius Equation
Activation Energy
Effect of Temperature
Block 3: Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric Table
Definitions of Concentration
Calculate the Equilibrium Conversion, X
e


Review of Mole Balances
Review of Conversion
A general reaction:
fed A moles
reacted A moles
X
D
a
d
C
a
c
B
a
b
A
n calculatio of basis as A reactant limiting Choose
D d C c B b A a
=
+ +
+ +
Levenspiel Plot (Review)

F
A0
r
A

X
CSTR(Review)

F
A0
r
A

X
Area = Volume of CSTR

X
1

V =
F
A0
r
A
|
.
|
X
1
- X
1
PFR(Review)

F
A0
r
A
Area = Volume of PFR

V =
0
X
1
}
F
A0
r
A
|
\

|
.
|
dX

X
1
Reactors in Series (Review)

Two steps to get

Step 1: Rate Law


Step 2: Stoichiometry


Step 3: Combine to get



r
A
= f X
( )

r
A
= g C
i
( )

C
i
( )
= h X
( )

r
A
= f X
( )
10
Collision Theory
When one substance
is mixed with
another, the two
substances .
According to collision theory, atoms, ions, and
molecules can react to form ...
Rates of chemical reactions are often measured as ...

15
The factors that affect how ...
16
Factors influencing the likelyhood
of a reaction occurring:
1)
17
2)
18
3)
19
20
21
22
In order for the reaction to occur, the
particles involved must collide with
each other,

. Not every collision

results in a reaction.



activated complex

The is the temporary
arrangement of atoms as they
change from reactants into products.
23
Orientation
24
The colliding molecules
must have enough energy
to react and form an
. This minimum
amount of energy is called
the ..
activation energy
25
Rate of a Reaction = speed of reactants
turning into products
Can be measured in :


or
26
27
Effect of the Nature of the Reactant

The nature of the reactants involved will
determine the kind of reaction that occurs.
Reactions with bond rearrangements or
electron transfer take longer than reactions
without these changes
28
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Increasing the temperature increases
the rate of a reaction. At higher
temperatures, the particles have more
energy, move faster and collide more
frequently. .

29
Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Increasing the concentration of the
reactants increases the rate of a
reaction. ..

30
Effect of Particle Size/Surface Area

Decreasing particle size/increasing surface
area increases the rate of a reaction.
When .
31
Simulation
32
Not Cattle List!!
33

Catalyst
- any substance that is added to the reaction to
the rate. The catalyst .. react with any
substance to produce product.

Inhibitor
- Any substance added to . the rate of reaction.
Works against the catalyst.


34
C
2
H
2
H
2
C
2
H
4
35
A catalyst increases the rate of a
reaction by lowering the activation
energy.
36






Stoichiometry
Batch Systems
Batch Systems (Stoichiometric Table)
Batch Systems (Constant Volume)
Batch Systems (Example)







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Example 1

Example2

Homework1

Homework2
Homework3