HYDROGRAPH

ANALYSIS
DEFINITION OF UNIT
HYDROGRAPH
CONCEPT OF UNIT
HYDROGRAPH
Convert the duration of unit hydrograph from short
to long (superposing) and from long to short
(concept of hydrograph-S)

Plot unit hydrograph from stream discharge data
and catchments rain area

Plot direct runoff hydrograph from effective rain
hyetograph using unit hydrograph.
DEFINITION OF HYDROGRAPH UNIT
Unit hydrograph first introduced in 1932 by Le Roy K.
Sherman
A unit hydrograph (UH) is the hypothetical unit
response of a watershed (in terms of runoff volume
and timing) to a unit input of rainfall. It can be defined
as the direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) resulting from
one unit (e.g., one cm or one inch) of effective rainfall
occurring uniformly over that watershed at a uniform
rate over a unit period of time. As a UH is applicable
only to the direct runoff component of a hydrograph
(i.e., surface runoff), a separate determination of the
baseflow component is required.
CONCEPT OF UNIT HYDROGRAPH
A Hydrograph is a graph showing changes in
the discharge of river over a period of time.
It can also refer to a graph showing the
volume of water reaching particular outfall or
location in a sewerage network, graph are
commonly used in the design of
sewerage,more specillcally, the design of
surface water sewegare systems and
combination system.

A hydrograph consists of:
a) A rising limb or
concentration curve
b) A peak or crest
segment
c) Falling limb or
recession curve
The properties or characteristics of a unit hydrograph are

a) the volume under a unit hydrograph is equal
to 1 unit (1cm or 1in) rainfall excess

b) If the duration of two rainfall excess events is equal,
without regard to their respective rainfall intensities,
they must result in the same hydrograph time base.

c) The unit hydrograph results in a linear system
whereby the direct runoff for a storm of a specified
duration is directly proportional to the rainfall excess
amount or volume

d) Rainfall distribution for all equal duration storms is
identical in space and time.

Convert the duration of unit hydrograph from
short to long (superposition)
Convert The Duration Of Unit Hydrograph From Short
To Long (Superposition Method)- graphic
Time
(Hour)
4hr-UH
(m
3
/s)
0 0
4 3
8 33
12 96
16 63
20 35
24 25
28 12
32 6
36 3
The following are the ordinates of a 4-hour unit hydrograph. Derive the ordinates
of a 12 - hour unit hydrograph
4hr-UH
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Time (Hour)
4
j
-
U
H

(
m
3
/
s
)
Lagged
4hr-UH
Combined
4hr-UH
12hr-UH
Convert The Duration Of Unit Hydrograph From Short
To Long (Superposition Method)- table
Time 4j-UH
Lagged Lagged (+) 4j-UH 12j-UH
(Hour) (m3/s)
0 0
0 0
4 3 0
3 1
8 33 3 0
36 12
12 96 33 3
132 44
16 63 96 33
192 64
20 35 63 96
194 64.67
24 25 35 63
123 41
28 12 25 35
72 24
32 6 12 25
43 14.33
36 3 6 12
21 7
40

3 6
9 3
44

3
3 1
Example :
The following are the ordinates of a 3-hour unit
hydrograph. Derive the ordinates of a 6-hour unit
hydrograph and plot the graph.


Solution
Question 1:
Determine the 4hr-UH from the 2hr-UH given in the table
using the superposition principle method

Changing a Short Duration Unit
Hydrograph to Long Duration using
S-Curved method
Example
The ordinates of a 4-hour unit hydrograph for a particular
basin are given below. Determine the ordinates of the
S-curve hydrograph and there from the ordinates of the
6-hour unit hydrograph
Solution
Time
(Hour)
4hr-UH
S- Curve
Addition
S- Curve
Ordinates
Lagged
S- Curve
S- Curve
difference
6hr - UH

0 0
2 25
4 100
6 160
8 190
10 170
12 110
14 70
16 30
18 20
20 6
22 1.5
24 0
Question 1
Determine the 3hr-UH from the 1hr-UH given in the table
using the S-curve method.
Changing a Long Duration Unit
Hydrograph to Short Duration using
S-Curved method
Question
The following are the ordinates of a 4hr
UH. Derive the ordinates of a 3hr-UH
Derive the S-curve for 4hr-UH

Hydrograph Unit from Stream
Discharge Data
Example
Table below show runoff from hydrograph data, for a
50km
2
catchment . Calculate the unit hydrograph
(UH)
10mm
. Assume that the basic flow is 5.0m
3
/s
Solution
Mendapatkan Hidrograf Jumlah
Penggunaan UH
10
bagi kawasan tadahan
yang sama dengan contoh 1.
Diberikan ribut yang lain dengan tempoh
yang sama bagi kawasan tadahan yang
sama iaitu 50km
2
. Anggapkan aliran dasar
7 m
3
/s
Latihan
Cerapan kadaralir bagi satu kejadian hujan berkesan 12 jam bagi
kawasan seluas 1150km2 adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan.
Dapatkan hidrograf unit (UH)10mm untuk kawasan ini.

Diberi UH 4jam dan dapatkan UH -12jam
dengan menggubakan kaeadah tindihan