HEAT

THERMODYNAMICS

By: Engr. Lyza Marie G. Luchico
THERMODYMANICS
Thermodynamics is the
study of the motion of heat
energy as it is transferred
from the system to the
surrounding or from the
surrounding to the system.

The transfer of heat could be due to
a physical change or a chemical
change.

There are three laws of chemical
thermodynamics.
CHEMICAL THERMODYMANICS
The first law of thermodynamics:
Energy and matter can be neither created nor destroyed;
only transformed from one form to another. The energy
and matter of the universe is constant.

The second law of thermodynamics:
In any spontaneous process there is always an increase in
the entropy of the universe. The entropy is increasing.

The third law of thermodynamics:
The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero.
There is no molecular motion at absolute 0 K.

HEAT (A FORM OF ENERGY)
The energy that flows into or out of a system
because of a difference in temperature
between the thermodynamic system and its
surrounding.

Symbolized by Q".
When heat is evolved by a system, energy
is lost and Q is negative (-).

When heat is absorbed by the system, the
energy is added and Q" is positive (+).
MOLECULES AND MOTION
The motion of molecules
produces heat
The more motion, the more
heat is generated
INTERNAL ENERGY
It is the grand total of all energies
inside a substance.
1. Molecular KE
Random motion of the
molecules in a substance
2. Rotational KE
3. KE due to internal movements of atoms
within molecules
4. PE due to forces between
molecules
There will be a transfer of
energy from one substance
to another.
Transfer
of energy
Heat Flow
Heat Transfer
Does it mean that the flow of energy is from a
substance with more internal energy to a
substance with less internal energy?
Which has more internal energy?
A bowl of warm water
or
A red-hot thumb tack
Heat Flow:
T to T
HOW MUCH ENERGY REQUIRED TO HEAT
OBJECT?
Heat (energy) flows because of
temperature difference
Bigger temperature difference bigger
heat flow
Less insulation give more heat flow
for the same temperature difference
Heat will not flow between two bodies
of the same temperature
HEAT FLOW
Heat can flow in one of two directions:
Exothermic
To give off heat; energy is lost from the system: (-
Q)

Endothermic
To absorb heat; energy is added to the system:
(+Q)

IF THE HEAT TRANSFER INVOLVES A CHEMICAL REACTION THEN Q IS CALLED:
HEAT OF REACTION
The heat energy (DH; enthalpy) required to
return a system to the given temperature at the
completion of the reaction.
Q = DH at constant pressure

The heat of reaction can be specific to a reaction like:

HEAT OF COMBUSTION
The quantity of heat energy given off when a
specified amount of substance burns in
oxygen.

UNITS: kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) or kcal/mol (kilocalories per mole)
HEAT CAPACITY & SPECIFIC HEAT

HEAT CAPACITY: The quantity of heat needed
to raise the temperature of a substance one
degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).
Q = C
p
DT
SPECIFIC HEAT: The quantity of heat required
to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Celsius (or one
Kelvin).
Q = C m DT
Both Cp & c are chemical specific constants
found in the textbook or Handbooks.
SOME THINGS ARE EASIER TO HEAT (SPECIFIC
HEAT CAPACITY)
More water in the kettle needs longer time to boil
Alcohol needs less energy to heat it than water
Energy required (Q) proportional desired change in
temperature (DT) x mass (m) of material
Q = mc DT
c called the specific heat
c
water
= 4190 J/(kg K) - very difficult to heat
c
ice
= 2000 J/(kg K)
c
mercury
= 138 J/(kg K) - very easy to heat
c
ethanol
= 2428 J/(kg K) - very easy to heat

UNITS FOR HEAT ENERGY
Heat energy is usually measured in either Joules,
given by the unit (J), and kilojoules (kJ) or in
calories, written shorthand as (cal), and kilocalories
(kcal).

1 cal = 4.186 J

NOTE: This conversion correlates to the
specific heat of water which is 1 cal/g
o
C or
4.186 J/g
o
C.
SIR JAMES JOULE
James Joule 1818-1889
Stirring water made it
warm
Change in temperature
proportional to work done
Showing equivalence of
heat and energy
Also that electrical
current flow through a
resistor gives heating
For a weight watcher, a peanut
contains 10 Calories;
But to a physicist, a peanut can
release 10,000 calories when
burned or consumed.
Activity Calorie burned per pound per
minute
Badminton 0.044
Stationary Bike 0.0227
Calisthenics 0.0265
Stair Machine 0.0529
Aerobics, general 0.0492
Yoga 0.0303
Jump Rope 0.074
Swimming, slow 0.058
Walking, normal,
asphalt
0.036

Sitting Still 0.009
The quantity of heat, Q, required to increase
the temperature of a mass, m, of a certain
material is proportional to the change in
temperature.
The quantity of heat, Q, is also proportional
to the mass, m of the material.
where:
Q is heat, J
m is mass, kg
DT is the change in temperature, C
o

c is the specific heat capacity of the
substance, J / (kgC
o
)
SPECIFIC HEAT PROBLEMS

Determine the energy (in
kJ) required to raise the
temperature of 100.0 g of
water from 20.0
o
C to 85.0
o
C?



EQUILIBRIUM
+
=
Hot black
coffee
Cold
milk
Warm white
coffee
Two objects of different temperature when
placed in contact will reach the same
temperature
HEAT TRANSFER = ENERGY TRANSFER
Energy measured in Joules but heat often
measured in Calories
One cal raises one gram of water from 14.5C to
15.5C
1 cal - 4.186J
Doing work on something usually makes it
hot
Splash in the bath and the water will get warm!
1st law of thermodynamics heat and work
are both forms of energy
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
The law of conservation of energy (the
first law of thermodynamics), when
related to heat transfer between two
objects, can be stated as:
The heat lost by the hot object = the heat
gained by the cold object

-Q
hot
= Q
cold

-m
h
c
h
DT
h
= m
c
c
c
DT
c

where DT = T
final
- T
initial

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY


Assuming no heat is lost, what
mass of cold water at 0.00
o
C is
needed to cool 100.0 g of water
at 97.6
o
C to 12.0
o
C?


SPECIFIC HEAT PROBLEMS
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

1. Determine the specific heat of an
unknown metal that required 2.56 kcal
of heat to raise the temperature of
150.00 g of the metal from 15.0
o
C to
200.0
o
C?
2. Calculate the specific heat of an
unknown metal if a 92.00 g piece at
100.0
o
C is dropped into 175.0 mL of
water at 17.8
o
C. The final temperature
of the mixture was 39.4
o
C.

ORIGINAL
GROUP
1 yellow paper
[accessed on July
28, 2014]
PRACTICE PROBLEMS 2
1. Iron metal has a specific heat of 0.449 J/g
o
C. How much heat
is transferred to a 5.00 g piece of iron, initially at 20.0
o
C, when
it is placed in a beaker of boiling water at 1 atm?
2. How many calories of energy are given off to lower the
temperature of 100.0 g of iron from 150.0
o
C to 35.0
o
C?
3. If 3.47 kJ were absorbed by 75.0 g H
2
O at 20.0
o
C, what would
be the final temperature of the water?
4. A 100. g sample of water at 25.3
o
C was placed in a
calorimeter. 45.0 g of lead shots (at 100
o
C) was added to the
calorimeter and the final temperature of the mixture was 34.4
o
C. What is the specific heat of lead?
5. A 17.9 g sample of unknown metal was heated to 48.31
o
C. It
was then added to 28.05 g of water in an insulted cup. The
water temperature rose from 21.04
o
C to 23.98
o
C. What is the
specific heat of the metal in J/g
o
C?
EXPLANATION
OF
ANSWERS
Write the solution on the
yellow paper as you explain.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS 2
1. Iron metal has a specific heat of 0.449 J/g
o
C. How much heat is transferred
to a 5.00 g piece of iron, initially at 20.0
o
C, when it is placed in a beaker of
boiling water at 1 atm?

2. How many calories of energy are given off to lower the temperature of
100.0 g of iron from 150.0
o
C to 35.0
o
C?

3. If 3.47 kJ were absorbed by 75.0 g H
2
O at 20.0
o
C, what would be the final
temperature of the water?

4. A 100. g sample of water at 25.3
o
C was placed in a calorimeter. 45.0 g of
lead shots (at 100
o
C) was added to the calorimeter and the final
temperature of the mixture was 34.4
o
C. What is the specific heat of lead?

5. A 17.9 g sample of unknown metal was heated to 48.31
o
C. It was then
added to 28.05 g of water in an insulted cup. The water temperature rose
from 21.04
o
C to 23.98
o
C. What is the specific heat of the metal in J/g
o
C?
0.792 J/g
o
C
180. J
1.28 J/g
o
C
1.23 x 10
3
cal
31.1
o
C
REFERENCES:
Padgett, Miles. 2013. Thermal Physics. Physics 9.
Available at m.padgett@physics.gla.ac.uk
[accessed on July 28, 2014]
No Author. 2013. 11 Heat. Available at
http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu[accessed on July 28,
2014]

PHASE
CHANGE
Engr. Lyza Marie G. Luchico
PHASE CHANGES (E.G. SOLID TO LIQUID)
time
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

ice
water
steam
MP
BP
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PHASE CHANGE
Heat of fusion (Q), solid TO
liquid
Q = mL
f

(L
f
is latent heat of fusion)

L
f (water)
= 334 x10
3
J/kg
L
f (mercury)
= 11.8 x10
3
J/kg
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PHASE CHANGE
Heat of vaporization (Q), liquid TO gas
Q = mL
v

(L
v
is latent heat of vaporization)

L
v (water)
= 2256 x10
3
J/kg
L
v (mercury)
= 272 x10
3
J/kg
Heat of sublimation (Q), solid TO gas
Q = mL
s

(L
s
is latent heat of sublimation)


EXAMPLE
A 20-g ice cube at 0
0
C is
heated until 20.0 g has
become water at 100
0
C and
5.0 g has been converted to
steam. How much heat is
added to do this system?
TRY ME (PROBLEM 1)
What mass of steam [c = 2010
J/(kgC
o
)] initially at 130
o
C is
needed to warm 200-g of water [c
= 4186 J/(kgC
o
)] in a 100-g glass
container [c = 837 J/(kgC
o
)] from
20
o
C to 50
o
C? The latent heat of
vaporization of steam is 2.26 x 10
6

J/kg
PAIR SHARE
What are the similarities
between heat and God?
How about differences?
Heat is being used for
some other purpose than
raising the temperature of
the ice-water mixture.
Heat is being used to melt
the ice by separating the
ice molecules from each
other.
There is a change in phase because the potential
energy of the ice molecules changes but its
average kinetic energy remains the same.
Phase it describes a state of matter ---
solid, liquid, gas or plasma
Phase Change a physical change from
one phase to another.
A phase change always require a transfer
of energy.
Energy-in-Transit
Heat
Fusion/Melting
Solidification/
Freezing
Evaporation
Condensation
Sublimation
Deposition
The amount of heat that must be added or
removed depends on:
Type of material
Nature of the phase change
The amount of heat that must be supplied or
removed to change the phase of a mass of a
substance is called Latent Heat.
where:
Q is heat, J
m is mass, kg
L is latent heat, J/kg
Solid & Liquid Latent Heat of Fusion, L
f
Liquid & Gas Latent Heat of Vaporization, L
v
Solid & Gas Latent Heat of Sublimation, L
s
+, heat gained
-, heat lost
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PHASE CHANGE
Heat of fusion (Q), solid TO
liquid
Q = mL
f

(L
f
is latent heat of fusion)

L
f (water)
= 334 x10
3
J/kg
L
f (mercury)
= 11.8 x10
3
J/kg
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PHASE CHANGE
Heat of vaporization (Q), liquid TO gas
Q = mL
v

(L
v
is latent heat of vaporization)

L
v (water)
= 2256 x10
3
J/kg
L
v (mercury)
= 272 x10
3
J/kg
Heat of sublimation (Q), solid TO gas
Q = mL
s

(L
s
is latent heat of sublimation)


A plot of temperature versus energy added when 1.00 g of ice
initially at -30
o
C is converted to steam at 120
o
C.
c
ice
= 2090 J/kg C
o
c
steam
= 2010 J/kg C
o
L
f
= 3.33 x 10
5
J/kg at 0
o
C

L
v
= 2.26 x 10
6
J/kg at 100
o
C

PROBLEM NO. 2
A 7-kg glass bowl [c = 840 J/(kgC
o
)] contains 16-kg
punch at 25
o
C. Two-and-a-half kilograms of ice [c =
2090 J/(kgC
o
)] are added to the punch. The ice
has an initial temperature of -20
o
C. The punch
maybe treated as if it were water [c = 4186
J/(kgC
o
)] and that there is no heat flow from punch
bowl to its surroundings. The latent heat of fusion
for water is 3.33 x 10
5
J/kg. When thermal
equilibrium is reached, all ice has melted.
Determine the temperature at thermal equilibrium.
PROBLEM NO. 3
A cube of ice is taken from the freezer at
-8.5
o
C and placed in a 95-g aluminum calorimeter
filled with 310-g of water at room temperature of
20
o
C. The final situation is observed to be at 17
o
C.
What was the mass of the ice cube?
Substance Melting
Point (
o
C)
L
f

(J/kg)
Boiling
Point (
o
C)
L
V

(J/kg)
Al 660 3.97 x 10
5
2450 1.14 x 10
7
H
2
0 0 3.33 x 10
5
100 2.26 x 10
6
c
ice
= 2090 J/kg C
o
c
steam
= 2010 J/kg C
o
c
H20
= 4186 J/kg C
o
c
Al
= 900 J/kg C
o
ASSIGN: PROBLEM NO. 4
CROSSWISE
1. What mass of steam at 100
o
C must be added to
1.0-kg of ice at 0
o
C to yield liquid water at 20
o
C?
2. What mass of steam at 120
o
C must be added to
1.0-kg of ice at -3.0
o
C to yield liquid water at 20
o
C?


Substance Melting
Point
(
o
C)
L
f

(J/kg)
Boiling
Point
(
o
C)
L
V

(J/kg)
H
2
0 0 3.33 x 10
5
100 2.26 x 10
6
c
ice
= 2090 J/kg C
o
c
steam
= 2010 J/kg C
o
c
H20
= 4186 J/kg C
o
PRACTICE SET (HEAT)
1. A 250 g of water at 376.3
o
C is mixed with 350.0 mL (D of
water is 1.00 g/mL) of water at 5.0
o
C. Calculate the final
temperature of the mixture.
2. If 40.0 kJ were absorbed by 500.0 g H
2
O at 10.0
o
C, what
would be the final temperature of the water?
3. What mass of liquid water initially at 3
o
C is needed to
warm a 0.2-kg aluminum bar from -155
o
C to 0
o
C?
4. A 1-kg solid mercury at its melting point of -39
o
C is placed in a
0.62-kg aluminum calorimeter with 0.4-kg water at 12.8
o
C.
Determine the latent heat of fusion of mercury if the resulting
equilibrium temperature of the mixed system is 5.06
o
C
5. What mass of steam (in g) at 100
O
C is needed to heat 500
g of water at 10
O
C in a 250-g aluminum container to a final
equilibrium temperature of 30
O
C?




CONSTANTS
c
ice
= 2090 J/kg C
o
c
steam
= 2010 J/kg C
o
c
H20
= 4186 J/kg C
o
c
Al
= 900 J/kg C
o
c
Hg
= 138 J/kg C
o
Substance Melting
Point
(
o
C)
L
f

(J/kg)
Boiling
Point
(
o
C)
L
V

(J/kg)
Al 660 3.97 x 10
5
2450 1.14 x 10
7
H
2
0 0 3.33 x 10
5
100 2.26 x 10
6
REFERENCES:
Padgett, Miles. 2013. Thermal Physics. Physics 9.
Available at m.padgett@physics.gla.ac.uk
[accessed on July 28, 2014]
No Author. 2013. 11 Heat. Available at
http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu[accessed on July 28,
2014]