A project is a temporary Endeavour involving

a connected sequence of activities and a range

of resources, which is designed to achieve a
specific and unique outcome and which
operates within time, cost and quality
constraints and which is often used to
introduce change.



A unique, one-time operational activity or
effort
Requires the completion of a large number of
interrelated activities
Established to achieve specific objective
Resources, such as time and/or money, are
limited



The application of a collection of tools and
techniques to direct the use of diverse
resources towards the accomplishment of a
unique, complex, one time task within time,
cost and quality constraints.

Project planning
Project scheduling
Project control
Project team
Made up of individuals from various areas and departments
within a company

It is foundation of project planning

A method of breaking down a project into individual
elements ( components, subcomponents, activities and
tasks) in a hierarchical structure which can be scheduled
and cost.

It defines tasks that can be completed independently of
other tasks, facilitating resource allocation, assignment of
responsibilities and measurement and control of the project





Gantt Chart

Critical Path Method (CPM)

Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT)


Project Scheduling and Control
Techniques
Graph or bar chart with a bar for each project activity
that shows passage of time
Provides visual display of project schedule

1. Draw the CPM network

2. Analyze the paths through the network

3. Determine the float for each activity
Compute the activitys float
float = LS - ES = LF - EF
Float is the maximum amount of time that this
activity can be delay in its completion before it
becomes a critical activity, i.e., delays completion
of the project


4. Find the critical path is that the sequence of
activities and events where there is no slack i.e..
Zero slack

Longest path through a network

5. Find the project duration is minimum project
completion time

CPM Network Example:
a, 6
f, 15
b, 8
c, 5
e, 9
d, 13
g, 17
h, 9
i, 6
j, 12
CPM Example

ES and EF Times
a, 6
f, 15
b, 8
c, 5
e, 9
d, 13
g, 17
h, 9
i, 6
j, 12
0 6
0 8
0 5
5 14
8 21
21 33
6 23
21 30
23 29
6 21
Projects EF = 33
a, 6
b, 8
c, 5
0 6
0 8
0 5

CPM Example

LS and LF Times
a, 6
f, 15
b, 8
c, 5
e, 9
d, 13
g, 17
h, 9
i, 6
j, 12
0 6
0 8
0 5
5 14
8 21
21 33
6 23
21 30
23 29
6 21
4 10
0 8
7 12
12 21
21 33
27 33
8 21
10 27
24 33
18 24


PERT is based on the assumption that an
activitys duration follows a probability
distribution instead of being a single value.

Three time estimates are required to compute the
parameters of an activitys duration distribution:
Pessimistic time (t
p

Most likely time (t
m
)
Optimistic time (t
o
)


Pessimistic time (t
p
) - the time the activity
would take if things did not go well.

Most likely time (t
m
) - the consensus best
estimate of the activitys duration

Optimistic time (t
o
) - the time the activity
would take if things did go well.

Mean (t
e
) = t
p
+ 4 t
m
+ t
o

6
Variance (V
t
) =
2
= t
p
- t
o


Draw the network.

Analyze the paths through the network and find the critical path.

The length of the critical path is the mean of the project duration probability
distribution which is assumed to be normal

The standard deviation of the project duration probability distribution is
computed by adding the variances of the critical activities (all of the activities
that make up the critical path) and taking the square root of that sum.

Probability computations can now be made using the normal distribution table.

Immediately Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic
Activity Predec. Time (Hr.) Time (Hr.) Time (Hr.)
A -- 4 6 8
B -- 1 4.5 5
C A 3 3 3
D A 4 5 6
E A 0.5 1 1.5
F B,C 3 4 5
G B,C 1 1.5 5
H E,F 5 6 7
I E,F 2 5 8
J D,H 2.5 2.75 4.5
K G,I 3 5 7



Darla/mbs/vit
18




A
D
C
B
F
E
G
I
H
K
J



Activity Expected Time Variance
A 6 4/9
B 4 4/9
C 3 0
D 5 1/9
E 1 1/36
F 4 1/9
G 2 4/9
H 6 1/9
I 5 1
J 3 1/9
K 5 4/9