ENERGY/REE

Foundations of Energy
Heat Transfer

Tapas Mallick
ENERGY/REE
Overview
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Heat transfer along a bar
Heat transfer across composite wall
Convection
Radiation

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ENERGY/REE
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Heat Transfer Mechanism:
Conduction
This is the intermolecular transfer of heat from
one part of a solid, liquid or gaseous body to
another part of the same body or from one
body to another body in physical contact,
without being displaced of the parts of the
body.
Hot Cold
Heat Transfer from a hot solid body to cold
solid body, in physical contact.
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Heat Transfer Along a Bar
4
dx
dT
k q
dx
dT
kA
deltax
deltaT
kA Q = = =

Heat Transfer rate

Heat flux
Fouriers Law of heat
Conduction
L
T
a
T
b
Q

Thermal conductivity
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Thermal Conductivity
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1 1
2

= =
|
.
|

\
|
= = K Wm
m
K
m
Watts
dX
dT
A
Q
k
dx
dT
kA Q

Thermal Conductivity Unit: Wm

-1
K
-1
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Thermal Conductivity
For any single material, k increases as vapour to
liquid to amorphous solid to solid
Gases: thermal conductivity is very small, e.g. Air
0.0242 W/mK; Hydrogen: 0.167 W/mK
Liquid: thermal conductivity is small, e.g. Water:
0.569W/mK; Benzene: 0.159 W/mK
Solid: High thermal conductivity; e.g. Ice:
2.25W/mK; Steel 45.3W/mK; Copper 388 W/mK
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Heat Transfer Across Composite
Wall series thermal Resistance
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Heat Transfer Rate
A B C
x
A
x
B
x
C
T
A
T
B
T
C
T

Q

T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 3 2 2 1
T T
x
A k
T T
x
A k
T T
x
A k
Q
C
C
B
B
A
A

A
=
A
=
A
=

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( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
C B A
C
C
B
B
A
A
C
C
B
B
A
A
R R R
T T
A k
x
A k
x
A k
x
T T
Q
T T
x
A k
T T
x
A k
T T
x
A k
Q
+ +

=
A
+
A
+
A

=
= =
A
=
4 1 4 1
4 3 3 2 2 1

Where, R=x/(kA) is the thermal resistance

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Composite Wall:
Parallel Resistance
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A T
A

B T
B

C T
C

x
Q

A
A
A
B
A
C
A Q

B Q

C Q

Heat Transfer Rate

T
1
T
2
( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
=
A k
x
T
A k
x
T
A k
x
T
Q
C
C
C
B
B
B
A
A
A

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + A =
C B A
R R R
T Q
1 1 1

or
Where, R=x/(kA) is the thermal resistance
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Conduction Summary
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Through solid (mainly)
Q(dot) = - k A AT / x = U A AT= A AT / R
Two layers:
Resistance adds up
Two surfaces next to each other:
U-value and area add
Same as electrical network of resistors
(Ohms law)
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Example - 1
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from
0.15m thick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity
of 1.7 W/m.K. Measurements made during steady-state
operation reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at
the inner and outer surfaces, respectively. What is the
rate of heat loss through a wall that is 0.5 m by 3 m on a
side?
Answer: 4250 W
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Convection
This is the transfer of heat within fluids by
actual physical movement of the molecules
Natural convection
The driving force is a difference of densities
Forced convection
The driving force is a mechanical mixing

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Cold
Solid
Hot Air
Hot air blowing over a cold solid will
heat up the solid after some time.
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Convection
Heat is moved by fluid motion
Depends on geometries, temperatures, fluid
properties, and fluid velocities
Ignore all that and define a heat transfer
coefficient:
Q= hA AT
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Radiation
It is the transfer of heat as radiant energy from a
hot body in all directions, even without a
medium.

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SUN
Earth
Heat transfer from Sun to Earth takes place by
radiant heat transfer through space
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Radiation
Each object emits electromagnetic radiation
according to its temperature
Blackbody radiation
Q= co A (T
1
4
T
2
4
)
(T
1
4
T
2
4
)= (T
1
2
+ T
2
2
) (T
1
2
T
2
2
)
= (T
1
2
+ T
2
2
) (T
1
+ T
2
) AT
h= co (T
1
2
+ T
2
2
) (T
1
+ T
2
)
Q= hA AT
c = Emissivity
Stephen Boltzmanns Constant
Here T
1
and T
2
are arbitrary
temperatures and T
1
>>T
2
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Example - 2
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in
which the air and walls are at 25C. The outside
diameter of the pipe is 70mm, and its surface
temperature and emissivity are 200C and 0.8,
respectively. What are the surface emissive power and
irradiation? If the coefficient associated with free
convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15
W/m
2
. K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface
per unit length of pipe?
Answer: Emissive power = 2270 W/m
2
Irradiation = 447 W/m
2
.
Rate of heat loss = 998 W/m
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Example - 3
The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated
from the ambient air and its surroundings, which are at
25C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a
thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m . K and a surface
emissivity of 0.8. Under steady-state conditions an outer
surface temperature of 100C is measured. Free
convection heat transfer to the air adjoining the surface is
characterised by a convection coefficient of h = 20
W/m
2
.K. What is the brick inner surface temperature?
Answer: 352C
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Types of heat transfer
Through a solid object:
Conduction

By a moving fluid:
Convection

Through light:
Radiation
dx
dT
x
T
kA kA Q =
A
~

( ) T hA T T A Q A = ~
4
2
4
1
co

T hA Q A = ~ d complicate too