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STEPS INVOLVED IN A CONSTRUCTION

WORK
SITE CLEARANCE
LEVELLING
CENTRE LINE MARKING
EXCAVATION
PCC WORK
FOOTING
SSM WORK
PLINTH BEAM AND SLAB

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ERECTION OF COLUMNS
BBM
ERECTION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
LINTEL AND CHEJJA
ROOFING
PARAPET
CONCEALING
PLASTERING
FLOORING
FINAL FINISHING


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SITE CLEARANCE
Removal of trees which includes its trunks, branches & roots.
Clearing grass & removal of rubbishes.
Clearing & grubbing road land.
Dismantling of unnecessary existing structures , if any.
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LEVELLING
Leveling is the measurement of geodetic height using an
optical leveling instrument and a level staff.
Find the elevation of a given point with respect to the given
or assumed Datum.
Establish a point at a given elevation with respect to the
given or assumed Datum.
leveling instruments include the spirit level, the dumpy level,
the digital level, and the laser level.

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CENTRE LINE MARKING
The base line has to be established with the help of offsets
taken based on the existing road or building.
The centre line is marked based on the base line.
This centre line should be transferred to Burjis and be kept up
to the completion of foundation work.


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EXCAVATION
Excavation depth depends on SBC of soil.
The minimum depth (1.5m).
Equipments.
Retaining wall.




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PCC WORK
Purpose is to provide a strong as well as a level base
for footing.
Site mixed.
Curing.
Thickness of PCC 0.15m.
Concrete provided is M15.


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FOOTING
The lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct
contact with subsoil.
On the previously laid pcc bed, reinforcement mat is
provided.
The reinforcement for footing, pedestal and column is
raised from the reinforcement mat.

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Concrete provided is M20.
Pedestal is provided when the depth of footing is high
and to make the work economical.
The depth of footing mainly depends on the safe
bearing capacity of soil and height of the building.
Different types of shallow footing
-simple footing.
-stepped footing.
-single footing.

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SIZE STONE MASONRY
Stones used should be well dressed.
Stones should be well watered before use.
The stonework should be carried out in proper bond
with sufficient number of through stones.
Formation of continuous vertical joints should be
avoided.
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The stone masonry should comply with the
requirements of the specification of work.
The mortar proportion used should be of quality and
proportion specified.
Chips, small pieces of broken stones should not be used.
It should be carried out as per line and level.
After construction, SSM has to be well watered for 1-2
weeks.
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PLINTH BEAM AND PLINTH SLAB
Plinth beam is provided where there are load bearing wall.
Plinth slab is provided where there is no load on that
structure.
concrete used is M20 grade.
Site mix concrete.
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The reinforcement of plinth beam is as same as the roof
beam.
Props are provided to the column reinforcement during
concreting of the plinth beam to avoid tilting.
When segregation and honeycombing is observed the
very next day it should be plastered with cement
mortar.
Segregation and bleeding should be avoided.
Vibration should be done not more than 5 seconds.
Formwork should be removed after 24 hours.

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ERECTION OF COLUMNS
The reinforcement of column is checked as per the drawings.
Starter box is provided before the column box is placed in
position.
Concrete mix used is M20.
About 25-40mm clear cover is provided.
Compaction to be carried out carefully to eliminate air gaps.
Curing to be done for atleast 15 days.
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BURNT BRICK MASONRY
Bricks should be of standard size and should have sharp edges.
Preliminary tests are conducted to check the properties.
Bricks should be well watered before use.
Mortar thickness should be 10-20mm.
Continuous vertical joints should be eliminated.



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Minimum construction height of brick masonry should not
exceed 1m.
It is carried out as per line and level.
Brick bats should be avoided as far as possible.
The mortar proportion used should be of quality and
proportion specified.
Type of brick bond mainly depends on the thickness of
wall and the purpose for which it is built.



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ERECTION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
Door frames and window frames can be placed in position during
BBM or later after completion of BBM.
The door and window frame are fixed in position by cranking it
into the wall.

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The width of the door should be .4 to .6 times the height
of the door.
The height of the door should be a minimum of
(width+1.2m).
The size of the window depends upon the size of room.
The doors are located at a distance of about 200mm
from the corner of the room.
Materials used for windows and doors are wood, glass,
plywood and metal.
The shutters for doors and windows are provided after
internal and external plastering.

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LINTEL AND CHEJJA
Lintel is a horizontal member placed across an opening to
support the portion of the structure above it .
The ends of the lintel are built into the masonry , so that the
loads are transferred to the masonry.
Commonly used materials for lintel are wood, stone, brick, steel
and reinforced cement concrete.
A chejja is a sloping or horizontal structural overhang provided
over openings on external walls for protection from the weather.
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ROOFING
It is the uppermost part of a building which is constructed in the
form of a frame work to give protection to the building.
The formwork is placed in position by centering and leveling.
The surface of formwork where concrete is laid is painted with
oil.
Reinforcement for the roof slab and beams are done as per the
design and drawings.
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Cranking of the main rods are done
based on the type of slab.
Concealing for electricity is done
simultaneously when laying
reinforcement.
Extra rods are provided wherever
necessary.
Concreting is done and vibrators
are used to fill the air voids.
Ponding is done on the same day of
concreting.
Curing done for 28 days.
Formwork is removed in 7 days
after concreting.





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PARAPET
A parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a roof, terrace,
balcony, or other structure.
Parapets rise above the cornice of a building.
They are primarily used to prevent the spread of fires.
1/2 brick wall is provided on cantilever projection and in other
places 1 brick wall thickness is provided.
Coping is provided of grade M15.
Dummy columns are filled with M15 grade concrete.
Plastering of parapet with a mortar proportion 1:4.


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CONCEALING
The wall is cut to the required depth using wall cutter or hammer
and chisel.
Sanitary and electrical pipes are then placed in position.
Plastering of the wall is carried out.
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PLASTERING
Outside plastering is carried out with a mortar proportion 1:6.
Chicken mesh is provided at column/beam and burnt brick
masonry junction.
The wall is sprinkled with water before carrying out work.
Screeds are placed for every 1m length to maintain uniform
plaster thickness.
The thickness of plastering should not exceed 10mm.


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KARNATAKA POLICE ACADEMY AUDITORIUM
Roofing :
- glass-wool insulator.
- galvanized iron sheets.
- acoustics tile cladding.

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Stage:
- concrete flooring.
- plywood boxes.
- glass wool.
- wooden planks for smooth surface.
Walls:
- glass wool as insulator.
-wood wool sheets of density 32kg/cube meter. 27

Doors:
- acoustic sound absorption door.
Stairs:
-rise and tread goes on decreasing from entrance
towards the stage..
Trusses:
-number of truss provided = 13.
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Lift is provided with 4 big springs at bottom and depth of
spring being 1m.
Outside walls are finished with glass mosaic tiles.
Total height of auditorium is 14m.
Total estimated cost = 5.7 crore.

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READY MIX CONCRETE
RMC is a specialized material in which the cement
aggregates and other ingredients are weigh-batched at a
plant in a central mixer or truck mixer, before delivery to the
construction site in a condition ready for placing by the
builder.
Thus, `fresh' concrete is manufactured in a plant away from
the construction site and transported within the requisite
journey time.
The RMC supplier provides two services, firstly one of
processing the materials for making fresh concrete and
secondly, of transporting a product within a short time.

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HISTORY
The first concrete mixed off site and delivered to a construction
site was effectively done in Baltimore, United States in 1913
just before the First World War.
The first concept of transit mixer was also born in 1926 in the
United States.
In 1939, the first RMC plant was installed in United Kingdom and in
1933 first specifications on RMC was published in United Kingdom.
The first concept of transit mixer was also born in 1926 in the
United States.
In 1939, the first RMC plant was installed in United Kingdom and in
1933 first specifications on RMC was published in United Kingdom.
In India RMC was first initially was used in 1950 during the
construction sites of Dams like Bhakra Nangal, Koyna.

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RMC was first fully established in Pune in the year 1991 by
private companies which was close later.
RMC was successfully established sometime after 1994 in
India.
As per the available record upto 2003, there are around
76RMC plant in 17 cities with a total capacity of around3875
CuM/hr, producing 3.8 million CuM of concrete per year.

TYPES OF BATCHING PLANTS :
Centrally Mixed Concrete or Wet batch mixer
Truck mixed concrete or Dry batch concrete plant
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BATCHING AND MIXING PLANTS
Storage of Materials
i) Cement :
Cement is generally stored in silos.
The loading of cement is done with the help of pneumatic blower
systems.

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ii) Water :
Water is generally stored in tanks located close to the plant. It
is accurately measured by a water gauge and microprocessor
controlled system.
The modern plants have new electronic MFM 85moisture
recorders.
iii) Aggregates :
The aggregates are stored above the batching and mixing
elements, in one or more silos.
As the aggregates are stored in silos it is relatively easy to
protect the aggregates from very low temperature in winter
period.
A storage capacity of upto 1500 CuM is possible.


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ADVANTAGES OF RMC:
Superior quality.
Reduced the wastages of material.
Eliminate the problem of storage of material.
Reduce supervision & labor cost.
Safe & hygenic condition.
Fluctuation of raw material cost & non-availability of
material eliminate.
Reduces the problem of inspection , checking & testing.
Roads & Foot path Are Not Blocked.
Improve the environment.

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d) TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT - TRANSIT MIXER :
Normal capacity - 4 to 12 CuM.
Hydraulic Drive of Mixer Separate engine or driven by
truck engine Water tank capacity - 192 to 2000 litres.
Mixer trucks
Twin axles for 4 CuM capacity.
Three axles for 6 to 7 CuM capacity.
three/four axles for 8 to 10 CuM capacity.
Semi trailer truck for 10 to 12 CuM.
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PRESENT CONSTRAINTS FACED BY RMC:
High Cost
Delayed payments and long credit by consumers
RMC plants in cities are not permitted to be installed in
residential zones.
High cost of the plant and equipment results in high capital
costs.
Bad quality of roads and traffic congestion and intermittent
signals often delay the deliveries in metros.
Availability of trained and skilled manpower for operations
and maintenance of plant and equipment.
Delays in placing, compacting and finishing at consumer
send causes delays in unloading of transit mixer and
stiffening of the concrete mix.
Quality of formwork and its adequacy.

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CONCLUSIONS:
Durable consideration.
Overall economy.
Realization Of The Advantages By Engineers And
Construction Industry .
Widely adopted through out the world.
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