On Power Quality Improvement

1
P. Ribeiro June, 2002

"An Overview on FACTS and Power Quality Issues:
Technical Challenges, Research Oortunities
and Cost Considerations!"
Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE
CALVIN COLLEGE
Engineering Department
Grand Rapids, MI 4!4"
http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro!EBPA"E/
PRI#EIRO$CALVIN.ED%
1& ! & ! 1&
'
&
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FA#$S
( $he #oncept
( Hi%tor& / Bac'ground ( )rigin o* FA#$S, )pportunitie%, $rend%
( S&%te+ Architecture% and ,i+itation%
( Po-er Flo- #ontrol on A# S&%te+%
( Application Studie% and .+ple+entation
( Ba%ic S-itching Device%
( S&%te+% Studie%
( A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental%
( /oltage Source v%. #urrent Source
( /oltage Source%
( Static /ar #o+pen%ator 0S/#1, S$A$#)M, $#S#, 2PF#, SMES
( S&%te+ Studie% 0b& EM$P, A$P, Saber, EDSA, EM$D#1
( S&%te+% .ntegration, Speci*ication, #o%t #on%ideration% and $echnolog& $rend%
( .+pact o* FA#$S in interconnected net-or'%
( Mar'et A%%e%%+ent, Deregulation and Prediction%
)
Power Quality
Objectives - Motivation - Background
Limitation of Traditional Tools
Advanced Tecni!ues"
# $avelet Teory Making $aves
# %&'ert (ystems To (ag or )ot to (ag" Tis is Te *
# +u,,y Logic )ot -eally a .armonic /istortion
# )eural )etworks -emembering $ave (ignatures
# 0enetic Algoritms %volutionary /istortions
# 1ombining Tecni!ues Power Quality /iagnostic (ystem
" Power %lectronics 2m'lementing Advanced Power
1once'ts

4
The reason, therefore, that some intuitive minds are not mathematical is that they
cannot at all turn their attention to the principles of mathematics. But the reason
that mathematicians are not intuitive is that they do not see what is before them,
and that, accustomed to the exact and plain principles of mathematics, and not
reasoning till they have well inspected and arranged their principles, they are lost
in matters of intuition where the principles do not allow of such arrangement.
They are scarcely seen; they are felt rather than seen; there is the greatest
difficulty in maing them felt by those who do not of themselves perceive them.
These principles are so fine and so numerous that a very delicate and very clear
sense is needed to perceive them, and to !udge rightly and !ustly when they are
perceived, without for the most part being able to demonstrate them in order as in
mathematics, because the principles are not nown to us in the same way, and
because it would be an endless matter to undertae it. "e must see the matter at
once, at one glance, and not by a process of reasoning, at least to a certain
degree.
#$$0 %&'(&&( by Blaise %ascal
!
%
tg
%
)
)
%
*
*
%
$he #oncept
"
A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But in
practice the system has the following constraints:
-Transmission stability limits
-Voltage limits
-Loop fows
Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmission
system can ride through major faults in the system with its power transmission
capability intact.
Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system oltage can be !ept
within permitted deiations from nominal. Voltage is goerned by reactie power "#$.
# in its turn depends of the physical length of the transmission circuit as well as from
the fow of actie power. The longer the line and%or the heaier the fow of actie
power& the stronger will be the fow of reactie power& as a conse'uence of which the
oltage will drop& until& at some critical leel& the oltage collapses altogether.
Loop fows can be a problem as they are goerned by the laws of nature which may
not be coincident with the contracted path. This means that power which is to be
sent from point (A( to point (B( in a grid will not necessarily ta!e the shortest& direct
route& but will go uncontrolled and fan out to ta!e unwanted paths aailable in the
grid.
$he #oncept
*
FA#$S device%
+AC,- are designed to remo.e s/01 0onstraints and to meet p2anners3, in.estors3 and operators3 goa2s
4it1o/t t1eir 1a.ing to /nderta5e ma6or s7stem additions. ,1is o88ers 4a7s o8 attaining an in0rease o8
po4er transmission 0apa0it7 at optim/m 0onditions, i.e. at ma9im/m a.ai2abi2it7, minim/m transmission
2osses, and minim/m en.ironmenta2 impa0t. P2/s, o8 0o/rse, at minim/m in.estment 0ost and time
e9pendit/re.
,1e term :+AC,-: 0o.ers se.era2 po4er e2e0troni0s based s7stems /sed 8or AC po4er transmission.
Gi.en t1e nat/re o8 po4er e2e0troni0s e;/ipment, +AC,- so2/tions 4i22 be parti0/2ar27 6/sti8iab2e in
app2i0ations re;/iring one or more o8 t1e 8o22o4ing ;/a2ities<
=Rapid d7nami0 response
=Abi2it7 8or 8re;/ent .ariations in o/tp/t
=-moot127 ad6/stab2e o/tp/t.
Important app2i0ations in po4er transmission in.o2.ing +AC,- and Po4er >/a2it7 de.i0es<
-VC ?-tati0 Var Compensators@, +i9ed 3 as 4e22 as ,17ristor=Contro22ed -eries Capa0itors ?,C-C@ and
-tat0om. -ti22 ot1ers are P-, ?P1ase=s1i8ting ,rans8ormers@, IPC ?Interp1ase Po4er Contro22ers@, %P+C
?%ni.ersa2 Po4er +2o4 Contro22ers@, and DVR ?D7nami0 Vo2tage Restorers@.
$he #oncept
A
Hi%tor&, #oncept%, Bac'ground, and .%%ue%

)rigin o* FA#$S
()il E+bargo o* 4567 and 4565
(Environ+ental Move+ent
(Magnetic Field #oncern%
(Per+it to build ne- tran%+i%%ion line%
(H/D# and S/#%
(EPR. FA#$S .nitiative 045881
(.ncrea%e A# Po-er $ran%*er 0"E and D)E Paper%1
($he 9eed *or Po-er %e+iconductor%
!h& -e need tran%+i%%ion interconnection
(Pool po-er plant% and load center% to +ini+i:e generation co%t
(.+portant in a deregulated environ+ent
)pportunitie% *or FA#$S
.ncrea%e po-er tran%*er capacit&
S/# 09ebra%'a "E 4567, Minne%ota !e%tinghou%e 456;, Bra:il Sie+en% 458;1
$#S#, 2PF# AEP 4555
$rend%
="eneration i% not being built
(Po-er %ale%/purcha%e% are being

S&%te+ Architecture
Radial, interconnected area%, co+ple< net-or'
Po-er Flo- in an A# S&%te+
Po-er Flo- in Parallel and Me%hed Path%
$ran%+i%%ion ,i+itation%
Stead&(State 0angular %tabilit&, ther+al li+it%, voltage li+it%1
Stabilit& .%%ue% 0tran%ient, d&na+ic, voltage and SSR1
S&%te+ .%%ue% 0Po%t contingenc& condition%, loop *lo-%, %hort(circuit level%1
Po-er Flo- and D&na+ic Stabilit& #on%ideration%
#ontrollable Para+eter%
Ba%ic FA#$S Device% ( .+pact o* Energ& Storage
S&%te+ Architecture% and ,i+itation%
1&
,1e re2ati.e importan0e o8 transmission inter0onne0tion
Inter0onne0tions in a E/ropean t7pe s7stem are not .er7 important be0a/se t1e s7stem is b/i2t b7
pro.iding generation 02ose to t1e 2oads and t1ere8ore, transmission is main27 8or emergen07
0onditions.
In t1e %-,.er7 2arge po4er p2ants 8ar 8rom t1e 2oad 0enters 4ere b/i2t to bring B0oa2 or 4ater b7
4ireB. Large p2ants pro.ided t1e best so2/tion = e0onom7 o8 s0a2e. A2so, seasona2 po4er e901anges
1a.e been /sed to t1e e0onomi0 ad.antage o8 t1e 0ons/mers.
Ne4er generation te01no2ogies 8a.or sma22er p2ants 41i01 0an be 2o0ated 02ose to t1e 2oads and
t1ere8ore, red/0es t1e need 8or transmission. A2so, i8 distrib/ted generation ta5es o88, t1en generation
4i22 be m/01 02oser to t1e 2oads 41i01 4o/2d 2essen t1e need 8or transmission e.en 8/rt1er.
Co4e.er, 8or ma6or mar5et p2a7ers, on0e t1e p2ant is b/i2t, t1e transmission s7stem is t1e on27 4a7 to
bring po4er to t1e 0ons/mer t1at is 4i22ing to pa7 t1e most 8or t1e po4er. ,1at is, 4it1o/t
transmission, 4e 4i22 not get a 4e22 8/n0tioning 0ompetiti.e mar5et 8or po4er.
S&%te+ Architecture% and ,i+itation%
11
Po-er Flo- #ontrol on A# S&%te+%
Radial
Parallel
Me%hed
Po4er +2o4 in Para22e2 Pat1s
Po4er +2o4 in a Mes1ed -7stems
D1at 2imits t1e 2oading 0apabi2it7E
Po4er +2o4 and D7nami0 Considerations
1'
Po-er Flo- #ontrol on A# S&%te+%
Re2ati.e Importan0e o8 Contro22ab2e Parameters
#ontrol o* = can provide current control
!hen angle i% large = can provide po-er control
.n>ecting voltage in %erie% and perpendicular to the current *lo-, can increa%e or
decrea%e
!&F -eries Compensation
1)
Transmission Transfer )apacity *nhancement
Advanced Solution%
,ransmission
Lin5
En1an0ed
Po4er ,rans8er
and -tabi2it7
Line
Re0on8ig/ration
+i9ed
Compensation
+AC,-
Energ7 -torage
#etter
Prote0tion
In0reased
Inertia
#rea5ing
Resistors Load
-1edding
+AC,-
De.i0es
$raditional Solution%
-VC
-,A,COM
,C-C, ---C
%P+C
Stead& State
.%%ue%
Vo2tage Limits
,1erma2 Limits
Ang/2ar -tabi2it7 Limits
Loop +2o4s

D&na+ic
.%%ue%
,ransient -tabi2it7
Damping Po4er -4ings
Post=Contingen07 Vo2tage
Contro2
Vo2tage -tabi2it7
-/bs7n01rono/s Res.
FA#$S Application% and .+ple+entation%
14
FA#$S Device%
Shunt #onnected
Static /AR #o+pen%ator 0S/#1
Static S&nchronou% #o+pen%ator 0S$A$#)M1
Static S&nchronou% "enerator ( SS"
Batter& Energ& Storage S&%te+ 0BESS1
Superconducting Magnetic Energ& Storage 0SMES1
#o+bined Serie% and Serie%(Shunt #onnected
Static S&nchronou% Serie% #ontroller% 0SSS#1
$h&ri%tor #ontrolled Pha%e(Shi*ting $ran%*or+er or
Pha%e Angle Regulator 0PAR1
.nterline Po-er Flo- #ontroller 0.PF#1
$h&ri%tor #ontrolled Serie% #apacitor 0$#S#1
2ni*ied Po-er Flo- #ontroller 02PF#1
Relative .+portance o* Di**erent $&pe% o* #ontroller%
Shunt, Shunt(Serie
Energ7 -torage
Energ7 -torage
1!
Device%
Diode 0pn ?unction1
Silicon #ontrolled Recti*ier 0S#R1
"ate $urn()** $h&ri%tor 0"$)1 "E
M)S $urn()** $h&ri%tor 0M$)1 SP#)
E+itter $urn()** $h&ri%tor 0E$)1 /irginia $ech
.ntegrated "ate(#o++utated $h&ri%tor 0."#$1 Mit%ubi%hi, ABB
M)S(#ontrolled $h&ri%tor 0M#$1 /ictor $e+ple
.n%ulated "ate Bipolar $ran%i%tor 0."B$1
Po-er Electronic% ( Se+iconductor Device%
Diodes
,ransistors
IG#,
,17ristors
-CR, G,O, M,O, E,O, GC,, IGC,, MC,
1"
Prin0ipa2 C1ara0teristi0s
Vo2tage and C/rrent
Losses and -peed o8 -4it01ing
-peed o8 -4it01ing
-4it01ing Losses
Gate=dri.er po4er and energ7 re;/irements
Parameter ,rade=o88
Po4er re;/irements 8or t1e gate
diGdt and d.Gdt 0apabi2it7
t/rn=on and t/rn=o88 time
%ni8ormit7
>/a2it7 o8 si2i0on 4a8ers
IGBT has pushed out the conventional GTO as IGBTs ratings go up.
IGBTs - Low-switching losses, fast switching, current-limiting capability
GTOs - large gate-drive reuirements, slow-switching, high-switching losses
IGBTs !higher forward voltage drop"
1*
V-I C-I
Nat/ra2
+or0ed
-7n01rono/s PDM
Card -o8t
,4o=Le.e2
M/2ti=Le.e2
-CR G,O IG#, MC, M,O
-7stem
Comm/tation
Approa01
-4it01ing
,e01no2og7
,ransition
Approa01
Cir0/it
,opo2og7
De.i0e
,7pe
Deci%ion(Ma'ing Matri<
1A
Planing Studie%
*aluate the technical and economic bene+ts of a range of ,A)T- alternatie solutions which
may allow enhancement of power transfer across wea! transmission lin!s. .art / of this
e0ort should concentrate on preliminary feasibility studies to assess the technical merits of
alternatie solutions to correct real and reactie power transfer ratings& system oltage
pro+les& operational e0ects on the networ!& e'uipment con+gurations& etc.
A - Load fow studies will be performed to establish steady-state ratings& and identify the
appropriate locations for connection of alternatie compensation deices. Load fow studies
will be used to address the following:
1-ystem )riteria "ma2imum steady-state power transfers& short-term operating limits& etc.$
1)ontroller *nhancements "controller types& ratings& sensitiities& etc.$
1)ontroller Losses "based on operating points and duration$
1-ystem Losses "system losses base on controller operating point and duration$
13eroltsages ""steady-state and short-term oltage insulation re'uirements$
1)ompare technical and economic bene+ts of alternaties
1/dentify interconnection points
1/dentify critical system contingencies
1*stablish power transfer capability of the transmission system
1)on+rm that reliability criteria can be met
1/dentify the cost of capital of e'uipment and losses
1/dentify steady-state and dynamic characteristics of ,A)T- controllers
Stability Studies
IEEE
1
S&%te+ Studie%
-7stem data and
0on8ig/ration
O/tages
and 2oad
trans8er
Load +2o4
?P,>, V, @
,ransient
-tabi2it7
?P,>, V, , time@
D7nami0 -tabi2it7
?P,>, V, , ,
time@
Generator
data
Vo2tage
Reg. Data
?AVR@
Go.ernor
data
Re2a7
data
-7stem
operat.
2imits
Ind/0tion
motor data
+a/2t
data
-7stem
01anges
Load
-1edding
Identi87
,ransmission
-7stems = Pro.ide
-7stem data and
Con8ig/ration
O/tages
and 2oad
trans8er
Per8orm Load
+2o4
?P,>, V, @
-7stem
operat.
2imits
Identi87 and -iHe
,rans8er
En1an0ement
-o2/tions De.i0es
Per8orm
E0onomi0
Ana27sis
IEEE
'&
E' G '
I
E1 G 1
I
PJ>
E1
E'
E1 . sin ?@
E' . 0os?@
?E1 = E' . 0os?@
E' . sin?@
I
?E' = E1 . 0os?@
I;1 K ?E1 = E' . 0os?@ G I

E1 . Cos ?@
Ip1 K E' sin?@ G I
E1 = E'
P1 K E1 . Ip1
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental%
'1
A0ti.e 0omponent o8 t1e 0/rrent 82o4 at E1
.p4 @ 0EA . %in 011 / =
Rea0ti.e 0omponent o8 t1e 0/rrent 82o4 at E1
.B4 @ 0E4 ( EA . co% 011/=
A0ti.e Po4er at t1e E1 end
P4 @ E4 0EA . %in 011/=
Rea0ti.e Po4er at t1e E1 end
C4 @ E40E4 ( EA . co% 011 / =
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental%
''
E' G '
P4 @ E4 0EA . %in 011/=
I
I
E1
E'
E1 = E'
Reg/2ating end b/s .o2tage most27 01ange rea0ti.e po4er = Compensating at an intermediate
point bet4een b/ses 0an signi8i0ant27 impa0t po4er 82o4
E1 G 1
I
PJ>
> G V
P4 @ '4.E4 0EA . %in 0/'A11/=
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0/oltage ( Shunt #ontrol1
')
E1
E'
I
I
E1 = E'
In6e0ted Vo2tage
In6e0ting Vo2tage in series 4it1 t1e 2ine most27 01ange rea2 po4er
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
Vin6
P4 @ E4 . EA . %in 01 / 0= ( /in> / .1
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0/oltage(Serie% .n>ection1
'4
I
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
& &.! 1 1.! ' '.! ) ).!
&
1
'
'
&
P1 9 de2ta , V1 , ? @
).14 & de2ta
Rea2 Po4er Ang2e C/r.e
C1anges in I 4i22 in0rease or de0rease rea2 po4er 82o4 8or a 8i9ed ang2e or 01ange ang2e 8or a 8i9ed po4er 82o4.
A2ternati.e27, t1e rea0ti.e po4er 82o4 4i22 01ange 4it1 t1e 01ange o8 I. Ad6/stments on t1e b/s .o2tage 1a.e
2itt2e impa0t on t1e rea2 po4er 82o4.
V9
I
V9o
Vs
I
Ie88 K I = I0
V9
Vr
V0
Vse88 K Vs L V0
Vr
V0
Vse88
P4 @ E4 . EA . %in 01 / 0= ( =c1
Vs
P1ase Ang2e
P
o
4
e
r

,
r
a
n
s
8
e
r
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0Serie% #o+pen%ation1
'!
I
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
P
E1
E'
I
E1 = E'
In6e0ted Vo2tage
Integrated .o2tage series in6e0tion and b/s .o2tage reg/2ation ?/ni8ied@ 4i22
dire0t27 in0rease or de0rease rea2 and rea0ti.e po4er 82o4.
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0/oltage(Serie% and Shunt #o+p.1
'"
1 = prior to 8a/2t
' = 8a/2t 02eared
) = e;/a2 area
) M0rit = 2oss o8 s7n01ronism
Impro.ement o8 ,ransient -tabi2it7 Dit1 +AC,- Compensation
E;/a2 Area Criteria
1 ' ) 0rit
A1
A'
Amargin
M
a
9
i
m
/
m

P
o
4
e
r

,
r
a
n
s
8
e
r
P1ase Ang2e
no 0ompensation
4it1 VAR 0ompensation ?idea2 midpoint@
A1 K A00e2eration Energ7
A' K De0e2eration Energ7
,1ere8ore, +AC,- 0ompensation 0an in0rease
po4er trans8er 4it1o/t red/0ing t1e stabi2it7 margin
> G V
A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0Stabilit& Margin1
'*
/oltage Source /%. #urrent Source #onverter%

C-C

Ad.GDis

V-C

Ad.GDis

De.i0e ,7pe

,17ristor
-e28=Comm/tation
,17ristor
-e28=Comm/tation

De.i0e
C1ara0teristi0
-7mmetr7

-7mmetri0a2 As7mmetri0a2 L
-1ort=Cir0/it
C/rrent

Lo4er

L Cig1er
Rate o8 Rise o8
+a/2t C/rrent

Limited b7 DC Rea0tor L +ast Rise ?D/e to
0apa0itor dis01arge@

Losses

Cig1er = Lo4er L
AC Capa0itors

Re;/ired Not Re;/ired L
DC Capa0itors

Not Re;/ired L Re;/ired
Va2.es d.Gdt

Lo4er
?AC Capa0itors@
L Cig1er
Inter8a0e 4it1 AC
-7stem

More Comp2e9 Less Comp2e9 L
Rea0ti.e Po4er
Generation

Depends on C/rrent
+2o4ing t1ro/g1
Energ7 -torage
Independent o8
Energ7 -torage
L
Per8orman0e

Carmoni0s

AC 0apa0itors ma7
prod/0e resonan0es
near t1e 01ara0teristi0
1armoni0s N ma7 0a/se
o.er.o2tages on .a2.es
and trans8ormer.
(

'A
Syste#$us
)onerter
-witching
4)-A)
C
%
&
dc
s
(unt 1om'ensation
Syste#$us
3
Trans'or#erlea(age
inductance
Trans'or#er
o
)
3
2
Couling
C
%
&
dc
s
)onerter
-witching
4)-A)
Trans'or#erlea(age
inductance
Trans'or#er
Couling
(eries1om'ensation
o
)
3
2
3
3
/oltage Source #onverter%
'
Basic 4-Pulse5 6-level5 3oltage-(ource 1onverter
c
e
c
T
a* a*
+ T
$*
a
$
e
e
a
i
a,
T
i
$
i
a, $,
+ T
+ T
$* c*
+
c*
dc
*
&
$, c,
+ T
c,
+
dc
%
C
s
&
dc
i
dc
&
-yothetical
neutral oint
*
)&
65 75 8-level5 3(1 $aveforms
v
dc
*
v
dc
*
%
v
dc
*
v
dc
*
e
out
v
dc
%
.eutral
/#id01oint
dc
%
v
e
out
0v
dc
%v
dc
%
v
dc
dc
%
v
.eutral
/#id01oint
%
v
dc
dc
%
v
,
*
e
out
*
dc
v
dc
v
)1
3oltage-(ource 1onverter Bridges
Three0hase, two0level
si20ulse$ridge
Single0hase,
two0level -0$ridge
11
v
dc
1
v
dc
v
oa
v v
oa o$
v
oc
Three0hase, three0level
,*0ulse$ridge
196
1
dc
3
dc
3
196
v v
oa o$
v
oc
)'
Out'ut voltage control of a two-level 3(1
v
o+
v :

o
v
: ;
+
o
v
: ;

+ < =
+
=
;
3
/
% sin t
1
3
=
o+
+
: ;
sin
/
%
1
=
<
v sin 3 t
t
=
=
dc
t
v
dc
dc
i
11
t
:v> v;
dc
dcnominal
v
dc
v; :v-
t
v
?
dc
i dt
f
()
1
dc
i
t

:
3 = v
o o

;

@
i
o
3 v=
))
Out'ut voltage control of a tree-level 3(1
= <+
oma&
v
A A
o
v
; :0
dc
3
ma& =

6
7
o+ = 5
v f :
= -
;
sin
:
t
sin
<
v
=
3 t
t
const
3
dc
t
196
;
t
3
dc
196
t
;
o o

v =3
:

3
i
o
v= @
)4
Multi-'ulse 3(1 wit
wave-forming magnetic circuits
5agneticstructure
formulti-pulsewaeformsynthesis
)onerter6 )onerter7
Syste#3us$ar
)onertern
Trans'or#er
Couling
Inter'ace4agnetics
,56(&3us
Couling
Trans'or#er
)!
FA#$S $echnolog& ( Po%%ible Bene*it%
( #ontrol o* po-er *lo- a% ordered. .ncrea%e the loading capabilit& o* line% to their
ther+al capabilitie%, including %hort ter+ and %ea%onal.
( .ncrea%e the %&%te+ %ecurit& through rai%ing the tran%ient %tabilit& li+it, li+iting
%hort(circuit current% and overload%, +anaging ca%cading blac'out% and
da+ping electro+echanical o%cillation% o* po-er %&%te+% and +achine%.
( Provide %ecure tie line% connection% to neighboring utilitie% and region% thereb&
decrea%ing overall generation re%erve reBuire+ent% on both %ide%.
( Provide greater *le<ibilit& in %iting ne- generation.
( Reduce reactive po-er *lo-%, thu% allo-ing the line% to carr& +ore active po-er.
( Reduce loop *lo-%.
( .ncrea%e utili:ation o* lo-e%t co%t generation.
)"
FA#$S and H/D#: #o+pli+entar& Solution%
H/D#
Independent 8re;/en07 and 0ontro2
Lo4er 2ine 0osts
Po4er 0ontro2, .o2tage 0ontro2,
stabi2it7 0ontro2
FA#$S
Po4er 0ontro2, .o2tage 0ontro2,
stabi2it7 0ontro2
.n%talled #o%t% 0+illion% o* dollar%1
$hroughput M! H/D# A $er+inal% FA#$S
'&&& MD O 4&=!& M O !=1& M
!&& MD O *!=1&&M O 1&='&M
1&&& MD O1'&=1*&M O '&=)&M
'&&& MD O'&&=)&&M O )&=!&M
?P@CingoraniGG7/g7i
)*
FA#$S and H/D#: #o+pli+entar& Solution%
,arge +ar'et potential *or FA#$S i% -ithin the ac %&%te+ on a value(added ba%i%, -here:
( $he e<i%ting %tead&(%tate pha%e angle bet-een bu% node% i% rea%onable
( $he co%t o* a FA#$S device %olution i% lo-er than H/D# or other alternative%
( $he reBuired FA#$S controller capacit& i% le%% than 4DDE o* the tran%+i%%ion throughput rating
CVDC Pro6e0ts< App2i0ations
-/bmarine 0ab2e
Long distan0e o.er1ead transmission
%ndergro/nd ,ransmission
Conne0ting AC s7stems o8 di88erent or in0ompatib2e 8re;/en0ies
)A
FA#$S Attribute% *or Di**erent #ontroller%
+AC,- Contro22er Contro2 Attrib/tes
-tati0 -7n01rono/s Compensator
?-,A,COM 4it1o/t storage@
Vo2tage 0ontro2, VAR 0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, .o2tage
stabi2it7
-tati0 -7n01rono/s Compensator
?-,A,COM 4it1 storage, #E--, -ME-,
2arge d0 0apa0itor@
Vo2tage 0ontro2, VAR 0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, transient
and d7nami0 stabi2it7, .o2tage stabi2it7, AGC
-tati0 VAR Compensator ?-VC, ,CR,
,C-, ,R-
Vo2tage 0ontro2, VAR 0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, transient
and d7nami0 stabi2it7, .o2tage stabi2it7
,17ristor=Contro22ed #ra5ing Resistor
?,C#R@
Damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7
-tati0 -7n01rono/s -eries Compensator
?---C 4it1o/t storage@
C/rrent 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7,
.o2tage stabi2it7, 8a/2t 0/rrent 2imiting
-tati0 -7n01rono/s -eries Compensator
?---C 4it1 storage@
.o2tage stabi2it7
,1r7stor=Contro22ed -eries Capa0itor
?,C-C, ,--C@
,17ristor=Contro22ed -eries Rea0tor
?,C-R, ,--R@
,17ristor=Contro22ed P1ase=-1i8ting
,rans8ormer ?,CP-, or ,CPR@
A0ti.e po4er 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0
stabi2it7, .o2tage stabi2it7
%ni8ied Po4er +2o4 Contro22er ?%P+C@ A0ti.e and rea0ti.e po4er 0ontro2, .o2tage 0ontro2, VAR
0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7,
,17ristor=Contro22ed Vo2tage Limiter
?,CVL@
,ransient and d7nami0 .o2tage 2imit
,17ristor=Contro22ed Vo2tage Reg/2ator
?,CVR@
Rea0ti.e po4er 0ontro2, .o2tage 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations,
transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7, .o2tage stabi2it7
Inter2ine Po4er +2o4 Contro22er ?IP+C@ Rea0ti.e po4er 0ontro2, .o2tage 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations,
transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7, .o2tage stabi2it7
)
I
Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage
Can A88e0t Po4er +2o4 Indire0t27 G D7nami0a227
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
P4 @ E4 0EA . %in 011/=
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( S$A$#)M
4&
Line Impedan0e Compensation
Can Contro2 Po4er +2o4 Contin/o/s27
E1 G 1
E' G '
PJ>
P4 @ E4 0EA . %in 011 / =e**
I
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( $#S#
=e** @ =( =c
,1e a2ternati.e so2/tions need to be distrib/tedQ o8ten series 0ompensation 1as to be insta22ed in se.era2 p2a0es a2ong a 2ine b/t man7 o8 t1e
ot1er a2ternati.es 4o/2d p/t bot1 .o2tage s/pport and po4er 82o4 0ontro2 in t1e same 2o0ation. ,1is ma7 not be /se8/2. +or instan0e, i8
.o2tage s/pport 4ere needed at t1e midpoint o8 a 2ine, an IP+C 4o/2d not be .er7 /se8/2 at t1at spot. ,C-C 8or damping os0i22ations ...
41
I
Breaker
(latt T1(1
T1(1 module B?
MO3
T1(1
B6
T1(1
B8
T1(1
B7
T1(1
B4
T1(1
BC
4'
I I
/am'ing
1ircuit
/am'ing
1ircuit
Breaker
Dayenta T1(1
T1(1 ?8 to 4@ E
MO3
Breaker
MO3
MO3
C@ E 88 E
4)
I
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( SSS#
P4 @ E4 0EA . %in 011 / =e**
=e** @ = ( /in>/.
44
I
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage and In6e0ting Vo2tage
In -eries Dit1 t1e Line
Can Contro2 Po4er +2o4
P4 @ E4 0EA . %in 011 / =e**
=e** @ = ( /in> / .
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( 2PF#
C4 @ E40EA ( EA . co% 011 / =
4!
(unt 2nverter (eries 2nverter
Fnified Power +low 1ontroller
(eries Transformer
(unt
Transforme
r
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( 2PF#
4"
I
Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage P2/s Energ7 -torage
Can A88e0t Po4er +2o4 Dire0t27 G D7nami0a227
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
P2/s Energ7 -torage
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( S$A$#)M F Energ& Storage
4*
I
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( SSS# F Energ& Storage
P2/s Energ7 -torage
Vo2tage In6e0tion in -eries P2/s Energ7 -torage
Can A88e0t Po4er +2o4 Dire0t27 G D7nami0a227
and s/stain operation /nder 8a/2t 0onditions
4A
I
E1 G 1
E' G '
I
PJ>
P2/s Energ7 -torage
Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage L In6e0ted
Vo2tage L Energ7 -torage
Can Contro2 Po4er +2o4 Contin/o/s27,
and -/pport Operation %nder -e.ere
+a/2t Conditions ?en1an0ed
per8orman0e@
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( 2PF# F Energ& Storage
4
(unt
2nverter
(eries
2nverter
Fnified Power +low 1ontroller - (M%( 2nterface
(M%( 1o''er
and 1oil
?@@@G
+
?@@@G
+
?@@@G
+
?@@@G
+
!&
(M%( 1o''er and 1oil - Overvoltage Protection
FP+1
0rounding
MO3
!1
O
Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage L Energ7
-torage L Line Impedan0e Compensation
Can Contro2 Po4er +2o4 Contin/o/s27,
and -/pport Operation %nder -e.ere
+a/2t Conditions ?en1an0ed
per8orman0e@
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( $#S# F S$A#)M F Energ& Storage
!'
E1 G 1
E) G )
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( .PF#
P4A @ E4 0EA . %in 04( A11 / =
E' G '
P4G @ E4 0EA . %in 04( G11 / =
!)
(eries 2nverter B? (eries 2nverter B6
2nterline Power +low 1ontroller
(eries Transformer5 Line 6
(eries Transformer5 Line ?
FA#$S .+ple+entation ( .PF#
!4
In0reased Po4er
,rans8er
Enhanced Po-er $ran%*er and Stabilit&:
$echnologie%H Per%pective
+ast
Rea2 Po4er In6e0tion
and Absorption
+ast
Rea0ti.e Po4er In6e0tion
and Absorption
+ast
Rea0ti.e Po4er In6e0tion and
Absorption
Compensation
De.i0es
+AC,- De.i0es
Energ7 -torage
E2e0tri0 Grid
E2e0tri0 Grid
P
> >
P
Additiona2
-tabi2it7 Margin
P
,--C
---C
%P+C
SMES
& &. ! 1 1.! ' '.! )
&
&. !
1
1. !
'
P1ase Ang2e
P
o
4
e
r ,
ra
n
s
8e
r
A00e2eration
Area
De0e2eration
Area
-tabi2it7
Margin
-,A,COM -,A,COM
,--C
---C
%P+C
!!
S$A$#)M
Reactive Po-er )nl&
)perate% in the vertical
a<i% onl&
S$A$#)M F SMES
Real and Reactive Po-er
)perate% an&-here -ithin the
PC Plane / #ircle 07(Cuadrant1
P
>
,1e Combination or Rea2 and
Rea0ti.e Po4er 4i22 t7pi0a227
red/0e t1e Rating o8 t1e Po4er
E2e0troni0s 8ront end inter8a0e.
Rea2 Po4er ta5es 0are o8 po4er
os0i22ation, 41ereas rea0ti.e
po4er 0ontro2s .o2tage.
$he Role o* Energ& Storage: real
po-er co+pen%ation can increa%e
operating control and reduce capital
co%t%
P ( Active Po-er
C ( Reactive Po-er
M/A Reduction
FA#$S F Energ& Storage
!"
-ME- Po4er ?MD@
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
2

P
o
4
e
r

,
r
a
n
s
8
e
r
?
M
D
@
C2oser to generation
C2oser to 2oad 0enters
FA#$S F Energ& Storage ( ,ocation Sen%itivit&
!*
A S$A$#)M%
4 S$A$#)M F SMES
/oltage and Stabilit& #ontrol
Enhanced /oltage and Stabilit& #ontrol
-
7
s
t
e
m

+
r
e
;
/
e
n
0
7

?
C
H
@
"&.A
!.'
time ?se0@
time ?se0@
?' 9 A& MVA In.erters@
? A& MVA In.erter L 1&&M6s -ME-@
-
7
s
t
e
m

+
r
e
;
/
e
n
0
7

?
C
H
@
"&.A
!.'
-
7
s
t
e
m

+
r
e
;
/
e
n
0
7

?
C
H
@
"&.A
!.'
time ?se0@
9o #o+pen%ation
Enhanced Po-er $ran%*er and Stabilit&:
,ocation and #on*iguration $&pe Sen%itivit&
!A
FA#$S For )pti+i:ing "rid .nve%t+ent%
FA#$S Device% #an Dela& $ran%+i%%ion ,ine% #on%truction
#7 0onsidering series 0ompensation 8rom t1e .er7 beginning, po4er transmission bet4een regions 0an be
p2anned 4it1 a minim/m o8 transmission 0ir0/its, t1/s minimiHing 0osts as 4e22 as en.ironmenta2 impa0t
8rom t1e start.
$he !a& to Proceed
8 .2anners, in.estors and 8inan0iers s1o/2d iss/e 8/n0tiona2 spe0i8i0ations 8or t1e transmission s7stem
to ;/a2i8ied 0ontra0tors, as opposed to t1e pra0ti0e o8 iss/ing te01ni0a2 spe0i8i0ations, 41i01 are o8ten
in82e9ib2e, and man7 times in02/de o2der te01no2ogies and te01ni;/es@ 41i2e in.iting bids 8or a
transmission s7stem.
8 ,/n0tiona2 spe0i8i0ations 0o/2d 2a7 do4n t1e po4er 0apa0it7, distan0e, a.ai2abi2it7 and re2iabi2it7
re;/irementsQ and 2ast b/t not 2east, t1e en.ironmenta2 0onditions.
8 5anufacturers s1o/2d be a22o4ed to bid eit1er a +AC,- so2/tion or a so2/tion in.o2.ing t1e
b/i2ding o8 ?a@ ne4 2ine?s@ andGor generationQ and t1e best option 01osen.
!
Speci*ication%
0Functional rather than $echnical 1
$ran%*or+er #onnection%
Higher(Pul%e )peration
Higher(,evel )peration
P!M #onverter
Pa& Attention to .nter*ace .%%ue% and #ontrol%
#onverter
.ncrea%e Pul%e 9u+ber
Higher ,evel
Double the 9u+ber o* Pha%e(,eg% and #onnect the+ in Parallel
#onnect #onverter "roup% in Parallel
2%e A #o+bination o* %everal option% li%ted to achieve reBuired rating and per*or+ance
"&
,e01no2og7 ,ransmission Line
,rans8er En1an0ement
Cost Range Operating prin0ip2e Pro0/rement
A.ai2abi2it7
Re0ond/0tor 2ines In0rease t1erma2 0apa0it7 O!&R to O'&&R per
mi2e
In0reases t1erma2 2imit 8or 2ine Competiti.e
+i9ed or -4it01ed -1/nt
Rea0tors
Vo2tage red/0tion N Lig1t
Load Management
OA=O1' 5VAR Compensates 8or 0apa0iti.e .ar=
2oad
Competiti.e
+i9ed or -4it01ed -1/nt
Capa0itors
Vo2tage s/pport and
stabi2it7
OA=O1& 5VAR Compensates 8or ind/0ti.e .ar=
2oad
Competiti.e
+i9ed or -4it01ed -eries
Capa0itors
Po4er 82o4 0ontro2,
Vo2tage s/pport and
-tabi2it7
O1'=O1" 5VAR Red/0es ind/0ti.e 2ine
impedan0e
Competiti.e
-tati0 VAR Compensators Vo2tage s/pport and
stabi2it7
O'&=O4! 5VAR Compensates 8or ind/0ti.e
andGor 0apa0iti.e .ar=2oad
Competiti.e
,17ristor Contro22ed -eries
Compensation ?,C-C@
Po4er 82o4 0ontro2,
Vo2tage s/pport and
stabi2it7
O'!=O!& 5VAR Red/0es or in0reases ind/0ti.e
2ine impedan0e
Limited
0ompetition
-,A,COM Vo2tage s/pport and
stabi2it7
OA&=O1&& 5VAR Compensates 8or ind/0ti.e and
0apa0iti.e .ar=2oad
Limited
0ompetition
-,A,COM 4G-ME- Vo2tage s/pport and
stabi2it7
O1!&=O)&& 5D Compensates 8or ind/0ti.e
andGor 0apa0iti.e .ar=2oad p2/s
energ7 storage 8or a0ti.e po4er
Limited
%ni8ied Po4er +2o4
Contro22er ?%P+C@
Po4er 82o4 0ontro2,
Vo2tage s/pport, and
-tabi2it7
O1!&=O'&& 5D -VC and ,C-C 8/n0tions p2/s
p1ase ang2e 0ontro2
-o2e so/r0e
%ni8ied Po4er +2o4
Contro22er ?%P+C@ 4G-ME-
Po4er 82o4 0ontro2
Vo2tage s/pport and
-tabi2it7,
O'!&=O)!& 5D -VC and ,C-C 8/n0tions p2/s
.o2tage reg/2ator, p1ase ang2e
0ontro22er and energ7 storage
-o2e so/r0e
-1aded area indi0ates te01no2ogies t1at are eit1er permanent27 0onne0ted or s4it01ed on or o88 4it1 me01ani0a2 s4it01es. ?i.e. t1ese are
not 0ontin/o/s27 0ontro22ab2e@
#o%t #on%ideration%
"1
-ardware
7ng 8 Pro9ect 4g#t!
Installation
Civil :or(s
Co##issioning
Insurance
#o%t #on%ideration%
#o%t %tructure
The cost of a ,A)T- installation depends on many factors& such as power rating& type of deice&
system oltage&
system re'uirements& enironmental conditions& regulatory re'uirements etc. 3n top of this&
the ariety of options aailable for optimum design renders it impossible to gie a cost +gure
for a ,A)T- installation.

/t is strongly recommended that contact is ta!en with a manufacturer in order to get a +rst idea
of costs and
alternaties. The manufacturers should be able to gie a budgetary price based on a brief
description of the
transmission system along with the problem"s$ needing to be soled and the improement"s$
needing to be
attained.
?P@ Soint Dor2d #an5 G A## Po4er -7stems Paper
Impro.ing t1e e88i0ien07 and ;/a2it7 o8 AC transmission s7stems
"'
$echnolog& I #o%t $rend%
I
OOO
O
I
additiona2 0ost sa.ings possib2e
O
")
#oncern% About FA#$S
Cost
Losses
Re2iabi2it7
"4
Econo+ic% o* Po-er Electronic%
So+eti+e% a +i< o* conventional and FA#$S %&%te+% ha% the lo-e%t co%t
,o%%e% -ill increa%e -ith higher loading and FA#$S eBuip+ent +ore lo%%& than conventional one%
Reliabilit& and %ecurit& i%%ue% ( -hen %&%te+ loaded be&ond the li+it% o* e<perience
De+on%tration pro>ect% reBuired
#o%t o* S&%te+ #o%t o* S&%te+
4DDE Po-er 4DDE Po-er
Electronic% Electronic%
4DDE 4DDE
#onventional #onventional
Delta(P Delta(P
4 4
Delta(P Delta(P
A A
Delta(P Delta(P
G G
Delta(P Delta(P
7 7
-tig Ni2sonTs paper
"!
)peration and Maintenance
3peration of ,A)T- in power systems is coordinated with operation of other
items in the same system& for smooth and optimum function of the system.
This is achieed in a natural way through the )entral .ower -ystem )ontrol&
with which the ,A)T- deice"s$ is "are$ communicating ia system -)A4A. This
means that each ,A)T- deice in the system can be operated from a central
control point in the grid& where the operator will hae s!illed human resources
aailable for the tas!. The ,A)T- deice itself is normally unmanned& and there
is normally no need for local presence in conjunction with ,A)T- operation&
although the deice itself may be located far out in the grid.
5aintenance is usually done in conjunction with regular system maintenance&
i.e. normally once a year. /t will re'uire a planned standstill of typically a couple
of days. Tas!s normally to be done are cleaning of structures and porcelains&
e2changing of mechanical seals in pump motors& chec!ing through of
capacitors& chec!ing of control and protectie settings& and similar. /t can
normally be done by a crew of 7-9 people with engineer:s s!ill.
Soint Dor2d #an5 G A## Po4er -7stems Paper
""
.+pact o* FA#$S in interconnected net-or'%
The bene+ts of power system interconnection are well established. /t enables the
participating parties to share the bene+ts of large power systems& such as optimi;ation of
power generation& utili;ation of di0erences in load pro+les and pooling of resere capacity.
,rom this follows not only technical and economical bene+ts& but also enironmental& when
for e2ample surplus of clean hydro resources from one region can help to replace polluting
fossil-fuelled generation in another.
,or interconnections to sere their purpose& howeer& aailable transmission lin!s must be
powerful enough to safely transmit the amounts of power intended. /f this is not the case&
from a purely technical point of iew it can always be remedied by building additional lines in
parallel with the e2isting& or by uprating the e2isting system"s$ to a higher oltage. This&
howeer& is e2pensie& time-consuming& and calls for elaborate procedures for gaining the
necessary permits. Also& in many cases& enironmental considerations& popular opinion or
other impediments will render the building of new lines as well as uprating to ultrahigh
system oltages impossible in
practice. This is where ,A)T- comes in.
*2amples of successful implementation of ,A)T- for power system interconnection can be
found among others between the <ordic )ountries& and between )anada and the =nited
-tates. /n such cases& ,A)T- helps to enable mutually bene+cial trade of electric energy
between the countries.
3ther regions in the world where ,A)T- is emerging as a means for A) bul! power
interchange between regions can be found in -outh Asia as well as in Africa and Latin
America. /n fact& A) power corridors e'uipped with -V) and%or -) transmitting bul! power
oer distances of more than 6.>>> !m are a reality today.
Soint Dor2d #an5 G A## Po4er -7stems Paper
"*
Po-er Cualit& .%%ue%
4 J Bac'ground 0Po-er Cualit& J $rade Mar'1
A J $he 9eed For An .ntegrated Per%pective o* PC
G J Har+onic%
7 J .+balance
; J /oltage Fluctuation%
K J /oltage Sag%
6 J Standard%, ,i+it%, Diagno%tic%, and Reco++endation%
Fle<ibilit&, #o+patibilit&, Probabili%tic 9ature, Alternative .ndice%
8 J #o+bined e**ect%
5 J Po-er Cualit& Econo+ic%
4D J Mea%ure+ent Protocol%
44 J Probabili%tic Approach
4A J Modeling I Si+ulation
4G J Advanced $echniBue%
0!avelet, Fu::& ,ogic, 9eural 9et, "enetic Algorith+%1
47 J Po-er Cualit& Progra+%
"A
#o+patibilit&: $he Le& Approach
"
( )
( ) ( )
( )

=
+ref
+ref +
,T- , & ma9
Relative $re%pa%% ,evel 0R$,1
%5 = meas/red or 0a20/2ated 1armoni0 .o2tage
%re8 = 1armoni0 .o2tage 2imit ?standard or parti0/2ar e;/ipment@
5 = 1armoni0 order
' 4 " A 1& 1' 14
&
'
4
"
A
A
&
R,L
5
1) ' 5
& &.&! &.1
&
'
4
"
A
A
&
R,L
5
.1 & %
5
*&
Possib2e
Prob2ems
Ca/tion -e.ere
Distortions
Dangero/s
Le.e2s
Norma2
Le.e2s
A # C D E + G
R,L
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Indi.id/a2 Carmoni0s ?V1@
E;/ipment Ma28/n0tion
+/HH7 = Co2or Code Criteria
No Prob2em
Ca/tion
Possib2e Prob2ems
Imminent Prob2ems
Carmoni0 Distortion Diagnosti0 Inde9 App27ing +/HH7 Logi0
Comparisons
A2ternati.e Approa01
*1
Carmoni0s
De8inition o8 1armoni0s
-o/r0es o8 1armoni0s
E88e0ts o8 1armoni0s
Mitigation met1ods
Considerations on t1e e9tra 0osts d/e to 1armoni0 po22/tion
Meas/rement res/2ts
Vo2tage 82/0t/ationsG+2i05er
De8initions
-o/r0es o8 .o2tage 82/0t/ationsG82i05er
E88e0ts o8 .o2tage 82/0t/ationsG82i05er
Mitigation met1ods
Meas/rement res/2ts
*'
Vo2tage Dips
De8inition
-o/r0es o8 .o2tage dips
E88e0ts o8 .o2tage dips
Mitigation met1ods
Meas/rement res/2ts
Con02/sions
%nba2an0e
De8inition
-o/r0es o8 /nba2an0e
E88e0ts o8 /nba2an0e
Mitigation met1ods
Meas/rement res/2ts
,ransient O.er.o2tages
*)
Ho- $o .nterpret $hi%M
*4
*!
*"
;eneration +elivery Conversion Processing
Central
Station
T8+ AC0AC
Sulies
4otion
7nviron#ental
4aintaina$ility
Availa$ility
Sa'ety
7''iciency
Relia$ility
Per'or#ance
Price
Power Quality
Power Syste# &alue Chain
Power 7lectronics Syste#s and Co#onents
S47S
3atteries
FACTS
S47S
PQ Par(s
<PS Aliances
I.P<TS O<TP<TS
&
a
l
u
e

+
i
#
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
7nergy
Power
Co##unication
=ight > 4otion
<tility <ser
Te Total Quality %nvironment
**
Benefits of a Power Quality Program
Offer o'tions to customers wit PQ concerns
Attract new business to area :regional develo'ment;
+acilitate load retention of current customers
Meet canging needs of customerHs new tecnology
/iscourage co-generation or self-generation as solutions of
PQ Problems
%nance and 'ublic image - as customers old utility accountable
for bot PQ and reliability
Add value to service
(erve customersH best interests and save customers money
(u''ort utility mission

*A
Sugge%ted $opic% *or .nve%tigation
FA#$S
In02/sion o8 Energ7 -torage
,opo2og7 Combination
Po-er Cualit&
E88e0ts o8 Po4er >/a2it7 on Re2a7ing E;/ipment
CostG#ene8it Ana27sis o8 P>
App2i0ation o8 Ad.an0ed ,e01ni;/es
*
#onclu%ion%
(
+/t/re s7stems 0an be e9pe0ted to operate at 1ig1er stress 2e.e2s
(
+AC,- 0o/2d pro.ide means to 0ontro2 and a22e.iate stress
(
Re2iabi2it7 o8 t1e e9isting s7stems minimiHe ris5s ?b/t not ris5=8ree@
(
Intera0tion bet4een +AC,- de.i0es needs to be st/died
(
E9isting Pro6e0ts = Met E9pe0tations
(
More Demonstrations Needed
(
RJD needed on a.oiding se0/rit7 prob2ems ?4it1 and 4Go +AC,-@
(
Energ7 storage 0an signi8i0ant27 en1an0e +AC,- 0ontro22ers per8orman0e
A&
#onclu%ion%
.ower supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of
deregulation and political and economical maneuers. This new mar!et
enironment puts demands for fe2ibility and power 'uality into focus. Also&
trade between companies and countries of electric power is gaining
momentum& to the bene+t of all inoled. This calls for the right solutions
as far as power transmission facilities between countries as well as
between regions within countries are concerned.
,A)T- Bene+ts included:
-An increase of synchronous stability of the grid?
-An increased oltage stability in the grid?
-4ecreased power wheeling between di0erent power systems?
-/mproed load sharing between parallel circuits?
-4ecreased oerall system transmission losses?
-/mproed power 'uality in grids.
1The choice of ,A)T- deice is simple and needs to be made the subject of
detailed system studies& ta!ing all releant re'uirements and prere'uisites
of the system into consideration& so as to arrie at the optimum technical
and economical solution. /n fact& the best solution may often be lying in a
combination of deices.
A1
,rom an economical point of iew& more power can be transmitted oer
e2isting or new transmission grids with unimpeded aailability at an
inestment cost and time e2penditure lower& or in cases een far lower
than it would cost to achiee the same with more e2tensie grids. Also&
in many cases& money can be saed on a decrease of
power transmission losses.
,rom an enironmental point of iew& ,A)T- enables the transmission of
power oer ast distances with less or much less right-of-way impact
than would otherwise be possible. ,urthermore& the saing in
transmission losses may well bring a corresponding decrease in need for
generation& with so much less toll on the enironment.
All these things help to enable actie& useful power to reach out in
growing 'uantities to growing populations under safe and faorable
conditions all oer the world. Also& indiidual countries: own border lines
no longer constitute any limit to power industry. @ith ,A)T-& power trade
to the bene+t of many can be established to a growing e2tent across
borders& by ma!ing more eAcient use of interconnections between
countries& new as well as e2isting.

#onclu%ion%
A'
Con02/sions
A #a2an0ed and Ca/tio/s App2i0ation
,1e a00eptan0e o8 t1e ne4 too2s and te01no2ogies 4i22 ta5e time, d/e to t1e
0omp/tationa2 re;/irements and ed/0ationa2 barriers.
,1e 82e9ibi2it7 and adaptabi2it7 o8 t1ese ne4 te01ni;/es indi0ate t1at t1e7
4i22 be0ome part o8 t1e too2s 8or so2.ing po4er ;/a2it7 prob2ems in t1is
in0reasing27 0omp2e9 e2e0tri0a2 en.ironment.
,1e imp2ementation and /se o8 t1ese ad.an0ed te01ni;/es needs to be
done 4it1 m/01 0are and sensiti.it7. ,1e7 s1o/2d not rep2a0e t1e
engineering /nderstanding o8 t1e e2e0tromagneti0 nat/re o8 t1e prob2ems
t1at need to be so2.ed.
A)
Cue%tion% and )pen Di%cu%%ion%
A4
Appendi<

On Power Quality Improvement

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On Power Quality Improvement

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P. Ribeiro June, 2002

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

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