Phasors

EE 102 Circuits 2
Module 3
by:
Cesar G. Manalo, Jr.
Rotating Vectors
t
v
) 45 sin( 1
o
t + e
45
o
45
o
1
2
1
45 sin =
o
2
1
Complex plane
Rotating Vectors
t
v
) 45 sin( 1
o
t + e
60
o
60
o
1
y

The value of y (the vertical component of the vector) always equals to the value
of the sinusoid (v).


v
1
Rotating Vectors
t
v
) 45 sin( 1
o
t + e
45
o
45
o
1
o
45 sin
t t t
o
e e e cos sin ) 45 sin( 1
2
1
2
1
+ = +
By trigonometric identities
t e cos
2
1
t e sin
2
1
2
1
t
v
t e cos
2
1
t e sin
2
1
1
Thus sinusoids behaves like vectors (in as far a addition of sinusoids is
concerned) with directions taken from their phase angles. A sinusoid with
vector-like behavior is called a phasor.
2
1
2
1
Complex plane
Complex plane
Phasors
A Phasors is a vector-like representation of sinusoids. They behave
exactly like vectors in as far as addition (of sinusoids) is concerned.
The magnitude of the phasor (the length of the arrow) can be taken as
the maximum value (amplitude) of the sinusoid or its effective (RMS)
value (the maximum divided by square root of 2) .
In AC circuit analysis, the effective value of the sinusoid represents
the magnitude of the phasor.
The phasor can be taken as the frequency domain representation of
the sinusoid the time domain being the sinusoidal function.
) sin( | e + = t V v
m
2
m
m
V
or V

Time domain Phasor or frequency domain
Illustrative Problem 1
Draw the phasor representation of the following sinusoids. Use RMS
values of the sinusoids as the magnitude.
1.
2.
3.
4.
e =100 sin (t+75
o
)

e =100 sin (t+120
o
)

e =- 100 cos (t-50
o
)

e =100 sin t +50 cos (t -30
o
)

Polar Form of Phasor
the phasor representation of v given in polar form is written like
this;
| Z V (the angle inside the symbol )
where (the effective value of v) and is the phase angle.
2
m
V
V =
Given a sinusoid;
) sin( | e + = t V v
m
Phasor Manipulation
Given two phasors and , + is a third
phasor equal to the vector addition of the two phasors. Later, another
form of phasor called the Rectangular Form useful in phasor addtion,
will be discussed.
1 1
| Z V
Addition of Phasors
2 2
| Z V
1 1
| Z V
2 2
| Z V
Given two phasors and , ( ) ( ) is a
third phasor V where,
1 1
| Z V
Multiplication of Phasors
2 2
| Z V
1 1
| Z V
2 2
| Z V
) ( ) )( (
2 1 2 1
| | + Z = V V V
Phasor Manipulation
Given two phasors and , ( ) / ( ) is a
third phasor V where,
1 1
| Z V
Division of Phasors
2 2
| Z V
1 1
| Z V
2 2
| Z V
) (
2 1
2
1
| | Z =
V
V
V
Checkpoint 1
i
e =E
m
sin (t+50
o
)
L

R

Draw the phasor representation of the circuit below.
L

R

o
E 50 Z
| Z I
( )
R
X
L
tan = |
Answer:
Illustrative Problem 2
1. Draw the waveform and corresponding phasor
diagram and polar form of
e = 100 sin (t+20
o
) and i = 50 sin (t+80
o
).


2. Solve for e = 100 sin t + 50 cos (t -30
o
) using
phasors.


Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
In a purely resistive circuit, the
resulting current is in-phase with
the driving source voltage. That
would mean that if , the
phasor representation of e, the
Resistor
i
R e
=E
m
sin t
v
R
| Z E
resulting current is phasor will be where E and I are the
effective values of e and i, respectively. Since I
m
= E
m
/R, likewise,
I =E/R, or using phasor representation,

. Solving for R:
| Z I
R
E
I
|
|
Z
= Z
o
I
E
I
E
R 0 Z =
Z
Z
=
|
|
Which means that in circuit analysis, R can be represented in phasor
form with an angle of 0 degrees.
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
Resistor
i
R e
=E
m
sin t
v
R
o
I
E
I
E
R 0 Z =
Z
Z
=
|
|
Based on the results, R can also be treated like a phasor graphically
represented as shown below:
R
Illustrative Problem 3
A purely resistance AC circuit has resistance R = 200 and the
sinusoidal alternating emf (voltage) device operates at amplitude
E
m
=36.0 V. Find;
a) Phasor representation of the emf.
b) Phasor representation of the resulting current
c) The time domain representation of the resulting current
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
In a purely capacitive circuit, the
resulting current is leading the
driving source voltage by 90
o
.
That would mean that if ,
the phasor representation of e, the
Capacitive Reactance (X
C
)
| Z E
resulting current is phasor will be where E and I are the
effective values of e and i, respectively. Since I
m
= E
m
/X
C
, likewise,
I = E/X
C
, or using phasor representation,

.Solving for X
C
:
o
I 90 + Z|
C
o
X
E
I
|
|
Z
= + Z 90
o
o
C
I
E
I
E
X 90
) 90 (
Z =
+ Z
Z
=
|
|
Which means that in circuit analysis, X
C
can be represented in phasor
form with an angle of -90 degrees.
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
Capacitive Reactance (X
C
)
o
o
C
I
E
I
E
X 90
) 90 (
Z =
+ Z
Z
=
|
|
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Based on the results, X
C
can also be treated like a phasor graphically
represented as shown below:
X
C
-90
o
Illustrative Problem 4
An AC circuit has resistance R = 200 and capacitance C = 100 uF.
What is the total impedance of the circuit at f =50 Hz?
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
In a purely inductive circuit, the
resulting current is lagging the
driving source voltage by 90
o
.
That would mean that if ,
the phasor representation of e, the
Inductive Reactance (X
L
)
| Z E
o
I 90 Z|
o
o
L
I
E
I
E
X 90
) 90 (
Z =
Z
Z
=
|
|
Thus, using similar analysis as the capacitive reactance, the inductive
reactance can be represented by the phasor with phase angle of 90
o
.
i
L
e
=E
m
sin t
v
L
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
Inductive Reactance (X
L
)
o
o
L
I
E
I
E
X 90
) 90 (
Z =
Z
Z
=
|
|
i
L
e
=E
m
sin t
v
L
Based on the results, X
L
can also be treated like a phasor graphically
represented as shown below:
X
L
+90
o
Illustrative Problem 5
A purely inductive AC circuit has an inductance of 230 henrys and
the sinusoidal alternating emf (voltage) device with an effective
value of 70.7 volts at f = 60 Hz. Using phasor, solve for the RMS
current.
i
L=230 70.7 V
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
In an RC circuit, the combined effects
of the resistance and the capacitance
form what is called the impedance Z
of the circuit defined as;
Resitance + Capacitive Reactance (X
C
)
)] ( tan [
) ( tan
1
1
R
X
R
X
C
C
Z
E
Z
E
I

+ Z =
Z
Z
= |
|
i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
sw.
2
2
C
X R Z + =
This impedance will produce a current that will lead the source
voltage by an angle of less than 90
o
. computed as;
R
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
In an RL circuit, the combined effects
of the resistance and inductance form
what is called the impedance Z of the
circuit defined as;
Resitance + Inductive Reactance (X
L
)
)] ( tan [
) ( tan
1
1
R
X
R
X
L
L
Z
E
Z
E
I

Z =
Z
Z
= |
|
i
e =E
m
sin t v
L
v
R
sw.
2
2
L
X R Z + =
This impedance will produce a current that will lag the source
voltage by an angle of less than 90
o
, computed as;
R
L
Phasor Representation of Circuit Components
In an RLC circuit, the combined
effects of the resistance, capacitance
inductance give a Z of;
Resitance + Capacitive and Inductive Reactance
) ( )] ( tan [
) ( tan
1
1
L C R
X X
R
X X
X X
Z
E
Z
E
I
L C
L C
> + Z =
Z
Z
=


|
|
i
e =E
m
sin t v
L
v
R
sw.
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
L C L C
C L C L
X X X X R Z
X X X X R Z
> + =
> + =
This impedance will produce a current that will lead the source
voltage (X
C
> X
L
) or lag the source voltage (X
L
> X
C
).
R
L
) ( )] ( tan [
) ( tan
1
1
C L R
X X
R
X X
X X
Z
E
Z
E
I
C L
C L
> Z =
Z
Z
=


|
|
Admittance
The admittance Y of a circuit is defined as the reciprocal of its
impedance Z.
Z
Y
1
=
Admittance has SI units of Siemens or mho.
Thank You