Hypothesis

Sampling
Research Process

RESEARCH PROCESS
HYPOTHESIS
The second important consideration in the formulation of a research problem
is the construction of hypothesis. It bring clarity, specificity and focus to a
research problem but are not necessary for study.
However, in epidemiological studies, to narrow the field of investigation, it is
important to formulate hypothesis.
Hypothesis tells a researcher what specific information to collect, and there
by provide greater focus.
A researcher does not know about a phenomenon, a situation, the
prevalence of a condition in a population or about the outcome of a program,
but he does have idea to form the basis of certain assumption of guesses.
After testing thess by collecting information that will enable researcher to
conclude if the idea or guess was right or wrong?
Right, Partly right or wrong
DEFINITIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
a proposition, condition, or principle which is assumed, perhaps without belief, in order to
draw out its logical consequences and by this method to test its accord with facts which
are known or may be determined
a tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually unknown
a hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be proven or disproven by valid and
reliable data it is in order to obtain these data that we perform out study
Characteristics
it is a tentative proposition
its validity is unknown
in most cases, it specifies a relationship between two or more variables.
FUNCTION OF HYPOTHESIS




Helps in focusing study to problem
What data to collect and what data not to collect
Objectivity in a study
Hypotheses helps to formulate a theory
Phase I
Formulation of
Assumption
Phase II
Data
Collection
Phase III
Data Analysis to
Draw Conclusion
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYPOTHESIS
1. Should be simple, specific and conceptually clear
It should test only one relationship or assumption in one time (familiar with the
subject area)
2. Should be capable of verification
Methods should be valid of data collection and analysis
3. should be related to the existing body of knowledge
it should emerge from the existing body of knowledge
4. Should be operationalisable
it can be expressed in terms that can be measured. If it cannot be measured, it
cannot be tested and hence, no conclusions can be drawn.


TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Research Hypothesis
A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they
speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment.
2. Alternate Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis states the opposite conclusion compared to the
null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is a new or revised belief about a current situation
based on the fact that the current belief is mistaken.


TYPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1. Null hypothesis
there is significant difference in the proportion of male and female smokers
Constructing a hypothesis stipulating that there is no difference between two situations,
groups, outcomes or existing phenomenon
2. Hypothesis of Difference
Greater proportion of females than males are smokers
Hypothesis in which researcher stipulates that there will be a difference but does not specify
its magnitude
3. Hypothesis of point-prevalence
total of 60% males and 30% of females are smokers
Researcher may have enough knowledge about the smoking behavior of the community and
tis likely outcomes
TYPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
4. Hypothesis of Association
there are twice as many female smokers as male smokers
The prevalence of a phenomenon in different population groups
SAMPLING
Types of Sampling
1. Probability
1.1 simple Random Sampling
1.2 Stratified Random Sampling
1.3 Cluster Sampling

2. Non-Probability
2.1 Quota Sampling
2.2 Judgmental Sampling
2.3 Accidental Sampling
2.4 Snowball Sampling


RESEARCH DESIGN
Step 1 Formulating a Research Problem
It identifies your destination, keeps you more specific and clear
about your research, keep you targeted to research process. it
decides what you want to find out about (Budget, time, existing
knowledge, experience)
Step 2 Conceptualizing a Research Design
It explains how will you find answers to your research question. It
sets out the logic of your inquiry.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Step 3 Constructing an Instrument for Data Collection
Utilizing Research Methods
Step 4 Selecting a Sample
Step 5 Writing a Research Proposal
Step 6 Collecting Data
Step 7 Processing Data
Step 8 Writing a Research Report