WHAT IS AN ATOM?

Take a guess on Infuse Learning.

Smallest particle of an element that retains
chemical identity of that element
Composed of protons, neutrons, and
electrons
ATOMIC THEORY
In 1808 John Dalton proposed atomic
theory.
Daltons theory explained:
Law of conservation of matter/mass
Law of definite composition
ATOMIC THEORY
Law of Definite/Constant
Composition- in a pure compound,
elements always combine in fixed
proportion by weight

Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements made of tiny, indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of same element are
identical
3. Atoms of different elements are
different
Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
4. Atoms of different element can
physically mix or chemically
combine to form compounds.
A given compound is always made of
the same elements combined in the
same small, whole-number ratio (aka
Law of Definite/Constant
Composition)
Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical
reactions.
Chemical reactions change how
atoms are grouped together. Can
join, separate, or rearrange.
Explains the law of conservation
of matter/mass
ATOMIC THEORY
Daltons proposal research into
nature of atom
Late 1800s determined atom is made
of smaller, subatomic particles.
ATOMIC THEORY - 1896
~1896, JJ Thomson demonstrated that
atoms can emit negative particles.
Called electrons.
Atoms are neutral so he also proposed that
they must contain positive particles.
ATOMIC THEORY - 1904
~1904 Thompson proposed the plum
pudding model.
Electrons scattered within a
cloud/pudding of positive charge.
ATOMIC THEORY - 1911
~1911 Ernest Rutherford showed the plum
pudding model was incorrect.
Gold Foil Experiment by Geiger and Marsden
THE GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
A NEW MODEL OF THE ATOM
Expected based on
Plum pudding model


Rutherfords model
Based on his results
Rutherfords Model of the Atom
First to propose atom with nucleus
Rutherford proposed that:
Atom must have nearly all its mass, and
positive charge, in very small central nucleus
Most of the atom is empty space
Electrons scattered throughout empty space
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Rutherford continued his studies
1919, + particle named the proton
~1932 James Chadwick proposed the
existence the neutron, a neutral
subatomic particle.
CURRENT MODEL OF ATOM
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Subatomic
Particle
Charge Mass, amu Location in
atom
Electron
(e
-
)
-1 0 amu Outside of
nucleus
Proton (p
+
) +1 ~1 amu Nucleus
Neutron (n) 0 ~1 amu Nucleus
MASS OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Protons and neutrons have ~ the same
mass (in the range of 10
-24
g).
Neutrons are slightly heavier.
Mass is expressed in amu
Atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 the mass of
a carbon-12 atom
MASS OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
The mass of the electron is tiny as
compared to that of the proton and
neutron.
Therefore, the electrons mass is considered
to be ~0 amu when calculating the mass of
an atom.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES AND
THE ELEMENTS
Each element has a
unique number of
protons.
Number of protons
defines the element.
Called Atomic
Number
ATOMIC NUMBER
What is the Atomic Number of Gold?
79
Which element has 13 protons?
Aluminum
Can Nitrogen have 8 protons?
No, thats oxygen
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES AND
THE ELEMENTS
Since atoms are neutral, for every proton
there is a/n _________.
electron
When atoms interact to form compounds,
it is their ___________ that intermingle
electrons

TERMS
Atomic number = number of protons in an
atom
Also indicates the number of electrons in the
atom.
How is the Periodic Table organized?
By atomic number
TERMS
Mass number = sum of the # of protons and
the # neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
FOR MOST ELEMENTS THE MASS
NUMBER IS NOT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE.
You will be given enough information to
determine mass number or number of
neutrons.
TERMS
Isotopes = atoms of a given element that
differ in mass number
Isotopes have the same number of
_____________.
Protons
Isotopes differ in the number of _______.
Neutrons
ISOTOPES
Writing atomic symbols for isotopes



FAQ - ISOTOPES
When is mass number found on the
periodic table?
If there is only one isotope that exists
Whats the atomic mass? Is it the same as
the mass number?
Atomic mass is the average mass of atoms
of an element, calculated using the
relative abundance of isotopes in a
naturally-occurring element.
Not the same as mass number
CALCULATING ATOMIC MASS
12
6
C - 99% abundance
13
6
C - 1% abundance

Atomic Mass
= (12 x 0.99) + (13 x 0.01)
= 11.88 + 0.13
= 12.01 amu
CALCULATE THE MASS OF CHLORINE
35
17
Cl 76%
37
17
Cl 24%

= (35 x 0.76) + (37 x 0.24)
= 26.6 + 8.88
= 35.5 amu

ION FORMATION
Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose
electrons.
Proton and neutron number are unchanged
when an ion forms.
IONS - TERMS
Ion charged atom or group of atoms
Cation = positively charged ion
Metals form cations.

Anion = negatively charged ion
Nonmetals form anions.
IONS
Na atom
_____ protons _____ electrons
11 Protons 11 Electrons
Na
+
ion
_____ protons _____ electrons
11 Protons 10 Electrons
Name of ion: sodium ion
IONS
Calcium atom
_____ protons _____ electrons
20 p+ 20 e-
Ca
2+
ion
_____ protons _____ electrons
20 p+ 18 e-

Name of ion: calcium ion
IONS
Sulfur atom
_____ protons _____ electrons
16 p+ 16 e-

S
2-
ion
_____ protons _____ electrons
16 p+ 18 e-

Name of ion: sulfide ion
ION CHARGE AND THE
PERIODIC TABLE
Group # Ion Charge # e
-
lost/gained
I A 1+ 1 e
-
lost
II A 2+ 2 e
-
lost
III A metals 3+ 3 e
-
lost
V A nonmetals 3- 3 e
-
gained
VI A nonmetals 2- 2 e
-
gained
VII A 1- 1 e
-
gained
NAMING IONS
Name of a monatomic cation is the name
of the element
Examples:
Ca
2+

calcium ion
Al
3+

aluminum ion
K
+

potassium ion
NAMING IONS
Monatomic anions are named by changing
end of the name of the element to ide
Example: S
2-
sulfide ion
H
-

hydride ion
N
3-

nitride ion

NAMING IONS
You need to know:
N
3-
nitride ion
P
3-
phosphide ion
O
2-
oxide ion
S
2-
sulfide ion
F
-
fluoride ion
Cl
-
chloride ion

Br
-
bromide ion

I
-
iodide ion

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Structure
In an ionic compound there is a regular arrangement of oppositely charged
particles.
Ions are arranged in a 3-D crystalline structure that maximizes attractive forces
and minimizes repulsive forces.
Also called a lattice structure
See page 102
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Physical Properties all are related to the structure
of the compounds
Solids at room temperature
Relatively high melting and boiling points
No vapor pressure
Meaning they dont evaporate
Electrolytes
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water
IONIC COMPOUNDS
The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the lowest, whole
number ratio of the component ions that has a net charge of zero.
Total positive charge = total negative charge


IONIC COMPOUNDS
Name the compound by naming the ions.



IONIC COMPOUNDS
Writing formulas for and naming binary ionic compounds
Magnesium oxide


IONIC COMPOUNDS
Magnesium oxide
The formula is the simplest ratio of ions that have a net charge of zero.
Ions present: Mg
2+
and O
2-


Formula:


IONIC COMPOUNDS
Magnesium chloride
The formula is the simplest ratio of ions that have a net charge of zero.
Ions present: Mg
2+
and _____

Formula:


IONIC COMPOUNDS
Practice
Note we are currently applying the content of 4.11 and 5.2 (type I binary ionic
compounds)
TYPES I BINARY COMPOUNDS
Compound between a metal and a nonmetal
Metal forms only one ion
Name the cation and then the anion.
Name of the cation is the name of the element
Name of the anion is the name of the nonmetal with the ending changed to
ide
MONOATOMIC CATIONS TO KNOW
Group # Charge on ion examples
IA +1 Na
1+
sodium (ion)
K
1+
potassium (ion)
IIA +2 Mg
2+
magnesium (ion)
IIIA
metals
+3 Al
3+
aluminum (ion)
MONOATOMIC ANIONS TO KNOW
Group # Charge on ion examples
VA -3 N
3-
nitride (ion)
P
3-
phosphide (ion)
VIA -2 O
2-
oxide (ion)
S
2-
sulfide
VIIA -1 F
1-
fluoride (ion)
Cl
1-
chloride (ion)
Br
1-
bromide (ion)
I
1-
iodide (ion)
PRACTICE
Name chemical formula

Chemical formula name