NURUL ATIKA BINTI SALIM

157746
NEMATODA AND
MOLLUSCA
NEMATODA
DIVERSITY AND ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
DIVERSITY
All nematodes are round worms and share a similar
body plan, despite varying in length from 100 m to
more than 6 m
Nematods can be found in soils, sediments, deep ocean
floor, within animals, within and on plants, freshwater
lakes, hot spring and Antartic soils.
There are two classes of nematode; Class Secernentea
and Class Adenophorea.
PREDICTED SPECIES DIVERSITY OF
NEMATODES BY HABITAT
Plant parasites - 2,000 species described
Animal parasites - 12,000 species described
Marine - 5,400 species described
Soil/freshwater - 3,600 species described
25%
10%
15%
50%
Soil/Freshwater
Plant Parasites
Animal Parasites
Marine
CLASS SECERNENTEA
Secernenta means secretors, which refers to the
excretory/secretory system of secernentean nematodes
Most parasites of vertebrates and plants belong to this
class
Also includes many non-parasites
Example of Class Secernenta are Meloidogyne incognita
and Ascaris lumbricoides.

Meloidogyne Incognita Ascaris Lumbricoides
Source : Wikipedia
CLASS ADENOPHOREA
Adenophorea refers to special glands (caudal glands)
that are present in these nematodes
Includes fewer parasitic nematodes
Not a monophyletic group
Example of class Adenophorea is roundworm.
ROUNDWORM
Source :
http://biomesfourth08.wikispaces.com/Fresh+Water+River+Facts
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Most species are either harmless or beneficial to
plants.
The vast numbers of free-living marine nematodes
may be vital to the health of the sea bed, and perhaps
one day will be used as pollution indicators in seas,
estuaries and rivers.
Plant-parasitic nematodes attack every part of plants
and transmit bacterial and viral infections.
Animal-parasitic nematodes are those which cause
disease in man and domestic animals.
MOLLUSCA
DIVERSITY AND ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
DIVERSITY
There are around 85,000 recognized extant species of
molluscs.
The largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of
all the named marine organisms
Members of the phylum Mollusca are called mollusks.
Molluscs are abundant in almost all marine,
freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
The three major classes of molluscs are Gastropoda
(snails and slugs), Cephalopoda (octopuses and
squids), and Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and scallops).

GASTROPODA
Primarily a marine group that also has members in
freshwater and terrestrial habitats.
Most gastropods have a pair of tentacles on their
head that have eyes located at the tips.
Many gastropods are herbivores, while others are
active predators.
The foot of gastropods is adapted for locomotion.
Terrestrial species secrete mucus from the base of
the foot, which forms a slimy path that they can
glide along.
Example of Gastropoda is snails and slugs.


SNAIL SLUG
Source: Yahoo! Image

CEPHALOPODS

Most of a cephalopods body mass is made up of a
large head attached to tentacles (a foot divided into
numerous parts).
The tentacles are equipped with either suction cups
or hooks for seizing prey
All cephalopods are active predators.
Cephalopods are the most intelligent of all
invertebrates. They have a complex nervous system
that includes a well-developed brain.
Example of cephalopods are squid, octopus,
cuttlefish, and nautilus.


Nautilus Sepia
Source : http://livelikedirt.blogspot.com/2009/11/sunday-inverts-nautilus.html
http://www.digital-photography-school.com/discover-seven-ways-to-create-sepia-images-in-
photoshop

BIVALVIA
Bivalves do not have a distinct head region or a radula.
Most bivalves are marine filter feeders with gills that
are used for feeding as well as for respiration.
Many species of bivalves produce pearls.
Have a two-part, hinged shell, which is secreted by the
mantle.
Example of Bivalvia are clam, Anadara, mussels and
osyters.
Anadara Clam
Source : Yahoo! Images
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Valued as food (bivalves and cephalopods).
Bivalve is a borer in wooden piers.
Pearls produced by bivalves vie.
Some cone shells have been used as money in their
own right.