PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE

6
1
PH 0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE 6

Introduction to Ultrasonics

Properties of Ultrasonic waves

Ultrasonic Production- a!netostriction

et"od

Ultrasonic Production- Pie#o Electric et"od

$pplications of Ultrasonics

%or&ed Pro'le(
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
2
Introduction to Ultrasonics

The word ultrasonic combines the Latin roots utra!

meanin" beyond and sonic! or sound#

The sound wa$es ha$in" %re&uencies abo$e the audibe

ran"e i#e# abo$e 20000H' are caed ultrasonic waves#

(enera) these wa$es are caed as high frequency

waves#

The %ied o% utrasonics ha$e a**ications %or ima"in"!

detection and na$i"ation#

The broad sectors o% societ) that re"uar) a**) utrasonic

technoo") are the medica communit)! industr)! the
miitar) and *ri$ate citi'ens#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+
Properties of ultrasonic waves
,1- The) ha$e a hi"h ener") content#
,2- .ust i/e ordinar) sound wa$es! utrasonic wa$es
"et re%ected! re%racted and absorbed#
,+- The) can be transmitted o$er ar"e distances
with no a**reciabe oss o% ener")#
,0- I% an arran"ement is made to %orm stationar) wa$es o%
utrasonics in a i&uid! it ser$es as a di%%raction "ratin"# It is caed
an acoustic grating.
,1- The) *roduce intense heatin" e%%ect when *assed throu"h a
substance#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
0
Ultrasonics Production
Utrasonic wa$es are *roduced b) the
%oowin" methods#
,1- 2a"neto3striction "enerator or osciator
,2- Pie'o3eectric "enerator or osciator
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
1
a!netoa!netostriction )enerator
Principle* a!netostriction effect
4hen a %erroma"netic rod i/e iron or
nic/e is *aced in a ma"netic %ied
*arae to its en"th! the rod
e5*eriences a sma chan"e in its
en"th#This is caed ma"netostricion
e%%ect#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
6
The chan"e in en"th ,increase or decrease- *roduced in the
rod de*ends u*on the stren"th o% the ma"netic %ied! the
nature o% the materias and is inde*endent o% the direction o%
the ma"netic %ied a**ied#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
6
Construction
The e5*erimenta arran"ement is shown in 7i"ure
a!netostriction oscillator
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
8

9: is a rod o% %erroma"netic materias i/e iron or nic/e# The

rod is cam*ed in the midde#

The aternatin" ma"netic %ied is "enerated b) eectronic

osciator#
The coi L
1
wound on the ri"ht hand *ortion o% the rod aon"
with a $ariabe ca*acitor C#

This %orms the resonant circuit o% the coector tuned

osciator# The %re&uenc) o% osciator is controed b) the
$ariabe ca*acitor#
The coi L
2
wound on the e%t hand *ortion o% the rod is
connected to the base circuit# The coi L
2
acts as feed back
loop#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
;
%or&in!

4hen Hi"h Tension ,H#T- batter) is switched on! the

coector circuit osciates with a %re&uenc)!
% <
This aternatin" current %owin" throu"h the coi L
1

*roduces an aternatin" ma"netic %ied aon" the en"th o%
the rod# The resut is that the rod starts $ibratin" due to
ma"netostricti$e e%%ect#

1
1
2 L C
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
10
The %re&uenc) o% $ibration o% the rod is "i$en b)

n <
where < en"th o% the rod
: < :oun"=s moduus o% the rod materia and
<densit) o% rod materia

Y
l 2
1

The ca*acitor C is ad>usted so that the %re&uenc) o% the

osciator) circuit is e&ua to natura %re&uenc) o% the rod and
thus resonance ta/es *ate#

Now the rod $ibrates on"itudina) with ma5imum am*itude

and "enerates utrasonic wa$es o% hi"h %re&uenc) %rom its
ends#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
11
$dvanta!es
1# The desi"n o% this osciator is $er) sim*e and its
*roduction cost is ow
2# ?t ow utrasonic %re&uencies! the ar"e *ower out*ut can
be *roduced without the ris/ o% dama"e o% the osciator)
circuit#
+isadvanta!es
1# It has ow u**er %re&uenc) imit and cannot "enerate
utrasonic %re&uenc) abo$e +000 /H' ,ie# +2H'-#
2# The %re&uenc) o% osciations de*ends on tem*erature#
+# There wi be osses o% ener") due to h)steresis and edd)
current#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
12
Pie#o Electric )enerator or ,scillator
Principle * Inverse pie#o electric effect

I% mechanica *ressure is a**ied to one *air o% o**osite

%aces o% certain cr)stas i/e &uart'! e&ua and o**osite
eectrica char"es a**ear across its other %aces#This is
caed as *ie'o3eectric e%%ect#

The con$erse o% *ie'o eectric e%%ect is aso true#

I% an eectric %ied is a**ied to one *air o% %aces! the

corres*ondin" chan"es in the dimensions o% the other
*air o% %aces o% the cr)sta are *roduced#This is /nown as
inverse piezo electric e%%ect or electrostriction#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
1+
Construction
The circuit dia"ram is shown in 7i"ure
Pie#o electric oscillator
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
10

The &uart' cr)sta is *aced between two meta *ates ?

and @#
The *ates are connected to the *rimar) ,L
+
- o% a
trans%ormer which is inducti$e) cou*ed to the eectronics
osciator#

The eectronic osciator circuit is a base tuned osciator

circuit#
The cois L
1
and L
2
o% osciator circuit are ta/en %rom
the secondar) o% a trans%ormer T#
The coector coi L
2
is inducti$e) cou*ed to base coi
L
1
#
The coi L
1
and $ariabe ca*acitor C
1
%orm the tank
circuit o% the osciator#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
11
%or&in!
4hen H#T# batter) is switched on! the osciator *roduces hi"h
%re&uenc) aternatin" $ota"es with a %re&uenc)#
Aue to the trans%ormer action! an osciator) e#m#%# is induced in the
coi L
+
# This hi"h %re&uenc) aternatin" $ota"es are %ed on the *ates
? and @#

In$erse *ie'o3eectric e%%ect ta/es *ace and the cr)sta

contracts and e5*ands aternati$e)#The cr)sta is set into
mechanica $ibrations#

The %re&uenc) o% the $ibration is "i$en b)

n <
1 1
2
1
C L
f

Y
l
P
2
where P < 1!2!+!0 B etc# %or %undamenta!
%irst o$er tone! second o$er tone etc#!
: < :oun"=s moduus o% the cr)sta and
C < densit) o% the cr)sta#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
16
The $ariabe condenser C
1
is ad>usted such that the
%re&uenc) o% the a**ied ?C $ota"e is e&ua to the
natura %re&uenc) o% the &uart' cr)sta! and thus
resonance ta/es *ace#

The $ibratin" cr)sta *roduces on"itudina utrasonic

wa$es o% ar"e am*itude#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
16
$dvanta!es

Utrasonic %re&uencies as hi"h as 1 5 108H' or 100 2H'

can be obtained with this arran"ement#

The out*ut o% this osciator is $er) hi"h#

It is not a%%ected b) tem*erature and humidit)#

+isadvanta!es

The cost o% *ie'o eectric &uart' is $er) hi"h

The cuttin" and sha*in" o% &uart' cr)sta are $er)

com*e5#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
18
-1.+etection of flaws in (etals -Non
+estructive Testin! /N+T)
Principle

Utrasonic wa$es are used to detect the *resence

o% %aws or de%ects in the %orm o% crac/s! bowhoes
*orosit) etc#! in the interna structure o% a
materia

@) sendin" out utrasonic beam and b) measurin"

the time inter$a o% the re%ected beam! %aws in the
meta boc/ can be determined#
$pplications of Ultrasonic %aves in En!ineerin!
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
1;
E0peri(ental setup
It consists o% an utrasonic %re&uenc) "enerator and a cathode
ra) osciosco*e ,CRD-!transmittin" transducer,?-! recei$in"
transducer,@- and an am*i%ier#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
20
%or&in!

In %aws! there is a chan"e o% medium and this

*roduces re%ection o% utrasonic at the ca$ities or
crac/s#

The re%ected beam ,echoes- is recorded b) usin"

cathode ra) osciosco*e#

The time inter$a between initia and %aw echoes

de*ends on the ran"e o% %aw#

@) e5aminin" echoes on CRD! %aws can be detected

and their si'es can be estimated#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
21
1eatures

This method is used to detect %aws in a common

structura metas and other materias i/e rubber
t)res etc#

The method is $er) chea* and o% hi"h s*eed o%

o*eration#

It is more accurate than radio"ra*h)#

PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
22
-2. Ultrasonic +rillin!
Utrasonics are used %or ma/in" hoes in $er)
hard materias i/e "ass! diamond etc#
7or this *ur*ose! a suitabe driin" too bit is
%i5ed at the end o% a *ower%u utrasonic
"enerator#
Eome surr) ,a thin *aste o% carborundum
*owder and water- is made to %ow between
the bit and the *ate in which the hoe is to be
made
Utrasonic "enerator causes the too bit to
mo$e u* and down $er) &uic/) and the
surr) *artices beow the bit >ust remo$e
some materia %rom the *ate#
This *rocess continues and a hoe is dried
in the *ate#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
2+
-3. Ultrasonic weldin!

The *ro*erties o% some metas

chan"e on heatin" and there%ore!
such metas cannot be weded b)
eectric or "as wedin"#

In such cases!the metaic sheets

are weded to"ether at room
tem*erature b) usin" utrasonic
wa$es#

7or this *ur*ose! a hammer H is

attached to a *ower%u utrasonic
"enerator as shown in 7i"ure
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
20

The metaic sheets to be weded are *ut to"ether

under the ti* o% hammer H#

The hammer is made to $ibrate utrasonica)# ?s a

resut! it *resses the two meta sheets $er) ra*id)
and the moecues o% one meta di%%use into the
moecues o% the other#

Thus! the two sheets "et weded without heatin"#

This *rocess is /nown as cold welding#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
21
-4. Ultrasonic solderin!

2etas i/e auminium cannot be direct)

sodered#Howe$er! it is *ossibe to soder such
metas b) utrasonic wa$es#

?n utrasonic soderin" iron consists o% an utrasonic

"enerator ha$in" a ti* %i5ed at its end which can be
heated b) an eectrica heatin" eement#

The ti* o% the soderin" iron mets soder on the

auminium and the utrasonic $ibrator remo$es the
auminium o5ide a)er#

The soder thus "ets %astened to cear meta without

an) di%%icut)#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
26
-5. Ultrasonic cuttin! and (ac"inin!
Utrasonic wa$es are used %or cuttin" and machinin"#
-6. Ultrasonic cleanin!
It is the most chea* techni&ue em*o)ed %or ceanin"
$arious *arts o% the machine! eectronic assembes!
armatures! watches etc#! which cannot be easi)
ceaned b) other methods#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
26
-6. 7,N$R

EDN?R is a techni&ue which stands %or Sound

Navigation and Ranging#

It uses utrasonics %or the detection and identi%ication

o% under water ob>ects#

The method consists o% sendin" a *ower%u beam o%

utrasonics in the sus*ected direction in water#

@) notin" the time inter$a between the emission and

recei*t o% beam a%ter re%ection! the distance o% the
ob>ect can be easi) cacuated#

The chan"e in %re&uenc) o% the echo si"na due to the

Ao**er e%%ect he*s to determine the $eocit) o% the
bod) and its direction#

PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
28

2easurin" the time inter$a ,t- between the transmitted

*uses and the recei$ed *use! the
distance between the transmitter and the remote
ob>ect is determined usin" the %ormua#! where $ is the
$eocit) o% sound in sea water#

The same *rinci*e is used to %ind the de*th o% the sea#

2
t v
d =
$pplications of 7,N$R
1# Eonar is used in the ocation o% shi*wrec/s and
submarines on the bottom o% the sea#
2# It is used %or %ish3%indin" a**ication #
+# It is used %or seismic sur$e)#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
2;
$pplications of Ultrasonics in edicine
-1.+ia!nostic sono!rap"8

2edica sono"ra*h) ,utrasono"ra*h)- is an

utrasound3based dia"nostic medica ima"in"
techni&ue used to $isuai'e musces! tendons! and
man) interna or"ans! their si'e! structure and an)
*athoo"ica esions#

The) are aso used to $isuai'e the %oetus durin"

routine and emer"enc) *renata care# Utrasound
scans are *er%ormed b) medica heath care
*ro%essionas caed sono"ra*hers# Dbstetric
sono"ra*h) is common) used durin" *re"nanc)#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+0
Obstetric ultrasound is *rimari) used toF

Aate the *re"nanc)

Chec/ the ocation o% the *acenta

Chec/ %or the number o% %etuses

Chec/ %or *h)sica abnormities

Chec/ the se5 o% the bab)

Chec/ %or %eta mo$ement! breathin"! and

heartbeat#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+1
-2.Ultrasound t"erapeutic applications

Treatin" mai"nant tumors and other disorders!

$ia a *rocess /nown as 7ocused Utrasound
Eur"er) ,7UE- or HI7U! Hi"h Intensit) 7ocused
Utrasound#
These *rocedures "enera) use ower
%re&uencies than medica dia"nostic utrasound
,%rom 210/H' to 2000/H'-! but si"ni%icant)
hi"her time3a$era"ed intensities#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+2

2ore *ower utrasound sources ma) be used to

cean teeth in denta h)"iene or "enerate oca
heatin" in bioo"ica tissue! e#"# in occu*ationa
thera*)! *h)sica thera*) and cancer treatment#

!tracorporeal shoc" wave lithotripsy uses a

*ower%u %ocused utrasound source to brea/ u*
/idne) stones#

7ocused utrasound sources ma) be used %or

cataract treatment b) *hacoemusi%ication#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
++

Ao**er utrasound is bein" tested %or use

in aidin" tissue *asmino"en acti$ator
treatment in stro/e su%%erers# This
*rocedure is caed #ltrasound$nhanced
Syste%ic &hro%bolysis.

Utrasound has been shown to act

s)ner"istica) with antibiotics in bacteria
ce /iin"#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+0
-3.Ultrasonic 'lood 1low (eter
Utrasonic wa$es are used %or stud)in" the bood %ow
b) measurin" the chan"e in their %re&uenc) *roduced
due to 'opplers effect#
Note ( )hysiological effects of ultrasound energy
Utrasound ener") has two *h)sioo"ica e%%ects F

1# Enhance in%ammator) res*onse
2# Heats so%t tissue#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+1

Utrasound ener") *roduces a mechanica *ressure

wa$e throu"h so%t tissue

This *ressure wa$e causes microsco*ic bubbes in

i$in" tissues! and distortion o% the ce membrane!
in%uencin" ion %u5es and intraceuar acti$it)# 4hen
utrasound enters the bod)! it causes moecuar %riction
and heats the tissues si"ht)#

In some cases! it can aso cause sma *oc/ets o% "as

in bod) %uids or tissues to e5*and and contract G
coa*se *cavitations).

The on"3term e%%ects o% tissue heatin" and ca$itations

are not /nown#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+6
7o(e ,t"er $pplications of Ultrasonics
-1. Ultrasonic !uidance for t"e 'lind

Utrasonic wa$es are used %or "uidin" the bind who

carries a wa/in" stic/ containin" an utrasonic
transmitter and recei$er#

Utrasonic si"nas re%ected %rom an) obstaces are

%ed to the head *hones throu"h a suitabe eectronic
circuit which enabes the bind *erson to detect and
estimate the distance o% the obstace#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+6
-2.Ultrasound in researc"

Ecientists o%ten use in research! %or instant to brea/

u* hi"h moecuar wei"ht *o)mers! thus creatin"
new *astic materias#

Indeed! utrasound aso ma/es it *ossibe to

determine the moecuar wei"ht o% i&uid *o)mers!
and to conduct other %orms o% in$esti"ation on the
*h)sica *ro*erties o% materias#

Utrasonic can aso s*eed u* certain chemica

reactions# Hence it has "ained a**ication in
a"ricuture! that seeds sub>ected to utrasound ma)
"erminate more ra*id) and *roduce hi"her )ieds#
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+8
+or"ed )roble%

, quartz crystal of thic"ness - %% is vibrating at

resonance. .alculate the funda%ental frequency.
/iven 0 for quartz 1 2.3 ! -4-4 N%
$5

and 6 for
quartz 1 5784 "g %$9.
The %re&uenc) o% the $ibration
% <

Y
t
P
2
PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE
6
+;
Here P < 1
% <
< 2#62;;8 5 10
6
H'
The %undamenta %re&uenc) o% the &uart'
cr)sta
< 2#6+0 5 10
6
H' < 2963H#
2650
10 9 . 7
001 . 0 2
1
10

PH0101 UNIT 1 LECTURE

6
00
TH?NH :DU
TH?NH :DU