1.

Accommodate intense use

2. Provide direction
3. Suggest rate and rhythm of movement
Rhythm of movement, depend on design and layout of pavement


PAVING MATERIALS
4. Create Repose
Create a sense of repose and rest by pattern
Stationary experience, large, non-directional forms or pattern

5. Indicate uses on the ground plane
Movement, rest, sitting, gathering, focal area, by color, texture, or the pavement materials

6. Influence scale
7.Provide unity
8. Establish spatial character
Its surface and edges detail design can have impact on the feeling of outdoor space
Different materials and patterns can give spatial feeling refined, rugged, quiet,
aggressive, urban, rural

Material ability
oBrick- warm, inviting feeling to a space
oAngle flagstone- irregular, informal atmosphere
oConcrete- cold, impersonal sensation
Too much variation cause visual chaos and disorder

One pavement should dominate in a design, for visual contrast


DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PAVEMENT

Selections a paving pattern, should study in both plan and eye level perspective

Plan, visually attractive pattern, coordinative with other

Edge and lines of building, coordinated with pavement
Edge and lines of building, coordinated with pavement
Visual characteristic
PAVEMENT MATERIALS -SUSTAINABLE
1. PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Pervious concrete (also called
porous concrete, permeable
concrete, no fines concrete and
porous pavement) is a special
type of concrete

allows water from precipitation
and other sources to pass
directly through, thereby
reducing the runoff from a site
and allowing groundwater
recharge.

Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no fine
aggregates. The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass
through the concrete slab.

Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,
residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses
2 POROUS ASPHALT

driveways, parking areas

Porous asphalt is the same as
regular asphalt except it is
manufactured with the fine
material omitted, leaving open
spaces that allows water to filter
through to a recharge or
drainage bed.
3 SMALL STONES.

These are the least expensive, and allow water to penetrate, but require more
frequent maintenance because little stones are easily displaced. NOTE: By
stones, it mean smooth stones, not crushed gravel, which lets water run off instead
of down in the ground.
2. PAVERS

Concrete blocks-grass pavers
The most commonly seen
permeable paver is shown to the
left and creates a hexagonal
shape of concrete around a
central pocket where grasses
can be planted or simple gravel
can be filled in.
These pavers have less open area that is usually created either at the corners or by
spacing the pavers on all sides to allow for infiltration.

This type of paver can not grow anything in the voids, but is typically filled with
gravel..
Similarly, you can also find interlocking
pavers which are a good option for
driveways and other areas that need
more stability.

Plastic grid
Drivable Grass
For starters, is comes in 2 x 2 mats that are much more affordable to have
installed than the individual pavers.

It also has a much larger exposed area (61%) for greater infiltration and more
room to grow grass or ground cover in if desired.

Unlike the traditional hexagon turf pavers, this system does not isolate the plant
material into individual pockets. This allows the plantings to remain cooler and
receive more uniform watering. These benefits result in a greener parking
surface than most of the alternative plantable systems.
Also known as "grasscrete",

this plastic grid system is used with crushed stone or grass and provides a structure
for rain to permeate without pooling or puddling.

It can handle light vehicular traffic and could be a clever solution for residential
driveways
REFLECTIVITY AND ABSORPTION


Different surface materials are able to absorb
and to reflect sunlight at different rates. The
reflectivity of a surface is measured on a scale
from 0.0 to 1.0 called albedo.

An albedo of 0.0 absorbs all heat and light, and
radiates quickly. A material with a black matte
surface is likely to have an albedo of 0.0. An
albedo of 1.0 is completely reflective, absorbing
nothing. A mirror has an albedo of 1 0.

Reflective surfaces help keep a building cool during the summer,
decreasing the cooling load and saving energy.


THE SOLAR REFLECTANCE INDEX (SRI)

It is a measure of the surface ability to reject solar heat, as shown by a small
temperature rise. It is defined so that a standard black is 0 and a standard
white is 100. High SRI value is also important for reducing the urban heat
island effect.


EMISSIVITY

Emissivity is the ability of a surface to re-radiate any energy absorbed back to
the sky. It is expressed as a decimal, with an emissivity closer to 1.0 denoting
a surface that re-radiates a majority of its absorbed energy. High emissivity
value is also important for reducing the urban heat island effect.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with vegetation

includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an
integrated water delivery system.

Green walls are also known as living walls, BIOboards, biowalls, ecowalls, or
vertical gardens.
VERTICAL ELEMENTS -GREEN WALLS
LOOSE MEDIA


Loose medium systems have their soil packed into a shelf or bag and are then
installed onto the wall.

These systems require their media to be replaced at least once a year on
exteriors and approximately every two years on interiors.

Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas with any seismic activity.

Repairs can only be made by re-stuffing soil into the holes on the wall, which is
both difficult and messy.

Loose-soil systems should not be used in areas where there will be a lot of public
interaction as they are quite messy and lose their soil little by little over time.

Most importantly, because these systems can easily have their medium blown
away by wind-driven rain or heavy winds, these should not be used in
applications over 8 feet high.

MAT MEDIA

Mat type systems tend to be either coir fiber or felt mats.

Mat media are quite thin, even in multiple layers, and as such cannot support
vibrant root systems of mature plants for more than three to five years before
the roots overtake the mat and water is not able to adequately wick through the
mats.

The method of reparation of these systems is to replace large sections of the
system at a time by cutting the mat out of the wall and replacing it with new mat.

This process compromises the root structures of the neighboring plants on the
wall and often kills many surrounding plants in the reparation process.
These systems are best used on the interior of a building and are a good
choice in areas with low seismic activity and small plants that will not grow to
a weight that could rip the mat apart under their own weight over time.

It is important to note that mat systems are particularly water inefficient and
often require constant irrigation due to the thin nature of the medium and its
inability to hold water and provide a buffer for the plant roots.

This inefficiency often requires that these systems have a water re-circulation
system put into place at an additional cost. Mat media are better suited for
small installations no more than eight feet in height where repairs are easily
completed.
On a bearing wall is fixe a metal frame. It carries the all structure. It lets air run
between the wall and the living wall, so it assures the cooling effect that a green
wall can have.

Then a PVC plate is fixe onto the frame.

Then the plants support: the felt mat is stapled onto the plate. The felt must not be
a material which can rot and must have a high capillary power.

Then seeds and plants (mature or not) are fixed onto the felt.

Since there is no earth to retain the water, a collector is installed at the bottom of
the wall. This collector contains the solution that feeds plants.

The solution is pump on top of the wall through a hidden pipe that let it slowly
run into the felt.
STRUCTURAL MEDIA
.

Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are not loose, nor mats, but which
incorporate the best features of both into a block that can be manufactured into
various sizes, shapes and thicknesses
These media have the advantage that they do not break down for 10 to 15 years,
can be made to have a higher or lower water holding capacity


They are the most robust option for a living wall in both exterior and interior
applications. They are also the best choice in areas where high-winds, seismic
activity or heights need to be addressed in the design.

Structural media are superior to the other media for their longevity and high-level
of performance in a variety of circumstances. Depending on the installation, they do
tend to be more expensive to install, but lower cost to maintain.
A: DPC is fixed underneath the frame.

The steel frame is separated from the wall by a joint.

In function of the manufacturers the frame can be equipped with horizontal
mounting strips, so the modular elements can be fixed on it.

When the living wall is equipped with an irrigation system; the frame is
mounted on the wall with spacer so there is place enough for the connections
of the water tubing.
B: The drip tray is used to pick up the dead vegetation and water that could
drop off the wall.

A drip tray is not necessary for an outdoor installation. If not equipped, the
excess of water will run into the ground through a filter layer made with
gravel or stone.

.

C: Cages boxes or other panels are
always prefabricated. They carry
substrate and plants.

Metal cages can be strong enough to
carry their own weigh up to 6m and
are fixed on a stabilizing wall without
any frame support.

Containers are made with modular
dimension, they are equipped with a
clip system so they are easy to fix on
their support and allow a water
dripping system to run through them
D: Substrates will often be fibres like
coconuts fibre or any lightweight
growing media except for the trays
(fig.).

The trays contain earth which is
covered with fibre to obtain a better
finish and also to avoid dirt.
Substrates can also be a mat medium
fixed on a rigid modular panel (fig.).
E: Plants
F: Metal frame gives the final touch to the living wall. It hides piping and framing.

G: The irrigation system is composed of a water reserve (a basin), a pump,
vertical and horizontal piping and a monitoring room. It can be connect to the
public water system or to a rain water collector system.

There is also some discussion involving "active" living walls.

An active living wall actively pulls or forces air through the plants leaves, roots
and growth medium of the wall and then into the building's HVAC system to be
recirculated throughout the building.
What are Greenroofs ?

Green roofs are a form of rooftop surface treatment,
essentially involving the addition of growing media and plants,
along with other necessary components in some cases, to
otherwise conventional built-up or inverted roof decks

33
TYPES OF GREENROOFS

EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS (ECO-ROOFS)

Extensive green roofs are characterized by their low weight, low
capital cost and minimal maintenance.

The growing medium, typically made up of a mineral-based mix of
sand, gravel, crushed brick, peat, organic matter and some soil,

varies in depth between 50mm and 150mm.

Due to the shallowness of the soil and the desert-like micro-climate on
many roofs, plants must be low and hardy, dry land or indigenous

. Plants are watered and fertilized only until they are established
and after the first year, maintenance consists of two or three visits a
year for weeding of invasive tree and shrub species, mowing, safety,
and membrane inspections.
INTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS (PODIUM GARDENS & SKY GARDENS)

Intensive green roofs are characterized by greater weight, higher capital
costs, more plantings and higher maintenance requirements.

Plants are grown and maintained in ways similar to ground level gardens,
with soil depths that vary according to plant requirements, ranging from a
minimum of 200mm depth for lawns to up to 2000mm depth for tree
planting, with corresponding structural loading implications.

Due to increased soil depth, the plant selection can be more diverse
including trees and shrubs, which allows a more complex ecosystem to
develop.

Requirements for maintenance and watering are more demanding and
ongoing than with an extensive green roof.
35
BENEFITS

To a certain measure, we have the opportunity to mitigate the
developmental impacts of construction practices by
replicating the environment that we have destroyed with the
building footprint through the design of our rooftops.
36
BUILDING INSULATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
WATER MANAGEMENT
FOOD PRODUCTION
ECOLOGICAL AND WILDLIFE VALUE
The enhancement of biodiversity through the use of green roofs is closely linked to the
type of vegetation being used.
AIR QUALITY
The surface of green roofs and the deceleration of the air flow that they help to create
means that landscaped roofs filter between 10 and 20% of the dust from the air.

Green roofs can trap up to 95% of cadmium, copper and lead and 16% of zinc. Other
studies have shown that 1 square meter of grass can remove 0.2 kg of airborne
particles per year.

IMPROVED NOISE ABSORPTION
A 10cm thick green roof at Frankfurt airport reduced sound transmission into
buildings by a minimum of 5 decibels.

Green roofs reduce sound reflection by up to 3 dB and improve the sound
proofing of a roof by up to 8 dB. These benefits are particularly useful for
buildings which lie under flight paths or which contain very strong sources of
noise.


REDUCING URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
38
IMPROVING THE MICROCLIMATE
Green roofs humidify the air and provide some cool air. This is particularly
effective on rooftops that lie adjacent to residential or office spaces, but also
makes a valuable contribution to improving the microclimate in our urban centres.
GREEN ROOFS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR LOST AREAS OF LANDSCAPE
Having a green roof means that the piece of land in question can be better
utilised: the green roof can be taken into account as a substitute for sacrificed
landscaped areas.
ADDITIONAL SPACE
Rooftops can be put to a number of
different uses from a pure nature
reserve to a relaxing garden to a
rooftop cafe or playground/sports
pitch.

GREEN ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND DETAILS
Some of the crucial aspects of design are described below.
WATERPROOFING

A good quality neat cement punning with
waterproof compound mixed in it makes the
RCC slab virtually waterproof.

A 25mm thick PCC layer of protection
concrete over punning strengthens the
waterproofing further.

Waterproofing failure occurs mostly during
the construction process when sharp
construction tools puncture the waterproof
membrane which has virtually no thickness.
The protection concrete prevents this.
Source: Spring 2006 LA_13 Sky Gardens- Nandita & Minesh
Parikh

However, to be further sure about the waterproofing, specialized chemicals are
used after the punning and protection concrete have been applied. Amongst
prevalent construction practices, there are two good alternatives:
a. Polymer Based Applications
b. Crystalline Applications

Polymer applications are 3 or 5 layers of polymers which essentially comprise of
two materials. One material is a polymer, very much like PVC which provides the
waterproof quality to the product.

The other material is a more flexible polymer which actually provides the elasticity
to the product. It enables the product to withstand the expansion and contraction
due to temperature variation without cracking.
Source: Spring 2006 LA_13 Sky Gardens- Nandita & Minesh Parikh
41
DRAINAGE

Green roofs require a very carefully designed drainage system.

When greenroofs occupy large areas, a slope in subsurface needs to be
created to be able to effectively drain off the subsurface water.

The detailing of this hidden engineering is the most challenging aspect of
designing a greenroof. Traditionally, lean concrete is used to create these
slopes.

A more contemporary method is to use a drain board. A drain board is an
LLDPE (Linear Low Density Poly Ethylene) sheet.

Manufacturers claim that it can drain off at zero slope. It has a slippery surface
and depends on capillary action of water molecules to drain itself. Presently, it
is not manufactured in India but is easily imported here.
42
PLANTING MEDIA

it is advisable to use a layer of brickbats. Brickbats assist drainage and have
excellent water retention qualities. The moisture retained by brickbats is
released slowly into the soil over the next few hours.

The media must have a good mix of clay and sand.

Very often crushed coal is mixed in the media. It improves the texture and
moisture retention qualities of the media.

A liberal mix of decomposed cow dung manure and bone meal along with
chemical fertilizers like DAP and urea increase the potency of the media
manifold.

1 . The planting medium must allow for downward percolation of water, and be
free of fine silts that will clog the filter blanket and block drainage

2. Periodic replenishment of fertilizers, dissolving minerals and other materials
in the soil may be required .

43
LOAD BEARING CAPACITY

1 . The building architect and/or structural engineer should always be consulted prior
to roof or deck landscape design and construction .

2 . Rooftops must typically be able to support a dead load limit of 7 .18 kPa (150
psf) to accommodate the construction of a garden . The loads above support
columns and at the edges of a roof can be considerably greater .

IRRIGATION

Normal methods of irrigation are simlar except that the dripping tap is a much
bigger nuisance than it is otherwise.

It is much cleaner to avoid hose pipe based irrigation.

An irrigation system based on a network of HDPE pipes may be preferred

Shrub hydrants, drippers and quick release coupling based irrigation system is
the most efficient way to irrigate greenroofs. Lawns may be irrigated with micro
sprinklers and/or gear driven sprinklers.

PLANTING APPROACHES
Mono-culture Planting.
This type of planting is simple and usually uses one plant species en masse.

It is the easiest to prescribe and install.

It is argued that mono-culture plantings are visually uninteresting but in some
circumstances a uniform appearance may be appropriate. From an
ecological viewpoint they may be susceptible to total die-back if drought or
disease severely affects the species in question.

Pattern Planting.
This type of planting is used primarily for its visual effect but uses more than
one species.

As an open canvas, a wide range of designs are possible. The usual design
elements may be used for good effect: a play with materials and colors; a play
with proportion and balance; a play with texture, pattern and line; and the use of
rhythm and repetition.

This approach may require higher maintenance levels than other planting
approaches.
45
Mixed Planting.
The approach uses a mix of species to create a random but colorful
carpet.

It is a relatively safe approach as the successful growth of various species
will eventually find their own equilibrium.

Plant Communities Planting.
This approach is based on natural habitats.

Plants are chosen and combined in proportions approximating nature and
their occurrence in the wild.

Community-based planting tends to be self-sustaining, requiring low
maintenance inputs for their upkeep.

naturalistic appearance.

This approach may often use wild grasses and may be considered untidy
by some.
Some examples have seen the careful and diverse selection of plants that
flower almost year-round. This approach strives to use indigenous plants to
fulfill a green roofs maximum ecological potential.