Periodic Table

Chapter 5
CHM138
1
LESSON FRAMEWORK







5.1 Importance of atomic number in the classification
of elements.
5.2 Periods and groups of elements.

5.2.1 Atomic Radius
5.2.2 Ionic Radius
5.2.3 Ionisation Energy
5.2.4 Electron Affinity
5.2.2 Electronegativity.
.

2
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

1. Relate the atomic number with periodic table.
2. Determine the group and period number of
an elements.
3. Classify element based on specific names
(halogens, alkaline earth metal, etc.)
4. Classify metal, metalloid and non-metal
elements.
5. Determine periodic trends in atomic and
ionic radii, electronegativity, (first ionization
energy).





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Why is the Periodic Table important
to me?
The periodic table is the
most useful tool to a
chemist.
You get to use it on
every test.
It organizes lots of
information about all the
known elements.

4
Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry
was a mess!!!
No organization of
elements.
Imagine going to a grocery
store with no organization!!
Difficult to find information.
Chemistry didnt make
sense.
5
Dmitri Mendeleev:
Father of the Table
HOW HIS WORKED
Put elements in rows by
increasing atomic weight.
Put elements in columns
by the way they reacted.


SOME PROBLEMS
He left blank spaces for
what he said were
undiscovered elements.
(Turned out he was
right!)
He broke the pattern of
increasing atomic weight
to keep similar reacting
elements together.
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The Current Periodic Table
Mendeleev wasnt too far off.
Now the elements are put in rows by increasing
ATOMIC NUMBER!!
The horizontal rows are called periods and are
labeled from 1 to 7.
The vertical columns are called groups are
labeled from 1 to 18.
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Organization of the Periodic Table

PERIODIC TABLE
8
GroupsHeres Where the Periodic
Table Gets Useful!!
Elements in the
same group
have similar
chemical and
physical
properties!!
(Mendeleev did that on purpose.)

Why??
They have the same
number of valence
electrons.
They will form the same
kinds of ions.


9
Families on the Periodic Table
Columns are also grouped
into families.
Families may be one column,
or several columns put
together.
Families have names rather
than numbers.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen belongs to a family
of its own.
Hydrogen is a diatomic,
reactive gas.
Hydrogen was involved in the
explosion of the Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising as an
alternative fuel source for
automobiles
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Alkali Metals
1
st
column on the
periodic table (Group 1)
not including hydrogen.
Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in nature
(like in salt).
Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Second column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)
Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca
13
Transition Metals
Elements in groups 3-12
Less reactive harder
metals
Includes metals used in
jewellery and
construction.
Metals used as metal.
14
Boron Family
Elements in group 13
Includes boron, aluminum, gallium,
indium, and thallium.
Have three electrons in their outer
energy level.
Boron-metalloid, the others are
metals, forming positive ions by
giving up their three outermost
electrons.
Aluminum metal was once rare and
expensive, not a disposable metal.


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Carbon Family Elements in group 14
Have four electrons in their
outermost energy level.
Five members are carbon,
silicon, germanium, tin, and
lead.
Contains elements important
to life and computers.
Carbon is the basis for an
entire branch of chemistry.
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Carbon Family
Carbon and silicon form bonds as
nonmetals (sharing electrons
covalently).
Silicon and germanium are
metalloids, existing in compounds
with either +4 or -4 charges and
important in semiconductors.
Tin and lead are definitely metals.
Always lose electrons due to the
distance of their outer shells from
the nucleus. Usually form
compounds as cations with a +4
charge.
Elements of this family can
form four bonds, the most of
any family.
C
Si
Ge Sn
17
Nitrogen Family
Elements in group 15
Nitrogen makes up over
of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and phosphorus
are both important in
living things.
Most of the worlds
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
The red stuff on the tip of
matches is phosphorus.
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Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
Elements in group 16
Oxygen is necessary for
respiration.
Many things that stink,
contain sulfur (rotten
eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)
19
Halogens
Elements in group 17
Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
Always found combined
with other element in
nature .
Used as disinfectants
and to strengthen teeth.

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The Noble Gases
Elements in group 18
VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
Used in lighted neon
signs
Have a full valence shell.
21
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
The periodic table is structured so that elements with the same type
of valence electron configuration are arranged in columns.

22
Divided into four major blocks according to the valence
electrons of elements

i) The s-block: elements with the outermost electron
filling the s-orbitals
2 columns (s
1
, s
2
)

ii) The p-block: elements with the outermost electron
filling the p-orbitals
6 columns (p
1
-p
6
)

CLASSIFICATION INTO DIFFERENT BLOCKS
23

iii) The d-block: elements with the outermost electron
filling the d-orbitals
10 columns (d
1
-d
10
)

iV) The f-block: elements with the outermost electron
filling the f-orbitals
14 columns (f
1
-f
14
)
CLASSIFICATION INTO DIFFERENT BLOCKS
24
Writing Electron Configuration in
Noble Gas Notation

Writing electron configurations of an
element in noble gas notation makes
electron configuration a much easier task.
25
Similarities Within A Group
Group Element Configuration
1 H 1s
1

1 Li [He]2s
1

1 Na [Ne]3s
1

1 K [Ar]4s
1

1 Rb [Kr]5s
1

1 Cs [Xe]6s
1

1 Fr [Rn]7s
1

Eg. Group 1 elements have one outer shell valence
electrons.
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Eg. Group 16 elements have 6 outer shell valence
electrons.
Group Element Configuration
16 O [He]2s
2
2p
4

16 S [Ne]3s
2
3p
4

16 Se [Ar]3d
10
4s
2
4p
4

16 Te [Kr]4d
10
5s
2
5p
4

16 Po [Xe]4f
14
5d
10
6s
2
6p
4

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Properties of the Elements: Periodic trends
Atomic size:
Atomic size is evaluated in terms of
distance between nuclei in compounds,
and is often termed covalent radius:

28
+11
1e-
+18
8e-
Na, Z=11; Ne
10
3s
1
Ar, Z=18; Ne
10
3s
2
3p
6
Atomic size increases down a column as number of
shells increase.
Atomic size decreases across a period as nucleus
becomes more effective: more protons in one
concentrated location, attracting diffuse, spread out
es going into same shell.
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ATOMIC SIZE
Determined by :
Increasing number of shells, down a column
Increasing effective nuclear charge across
a period
Measured experimentally by Covalent Radius
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ATOMIC SIZE
INCREASES
31
Atomic size varies consistently through the periodic
table.
Down a group, the atoms become larger
Across a period, atoms become smaller

What influences atomic size?
The number of electrons in an atom

How? Two opposing forces:
principal quantum number, n
the effective nuclear charge, Z
eff

Remember
32
A. Principal Quantum Number, n
As n increases, electrons are farther from
the nucleus, therefore atoms are larger

33
B. Effective Nuclear Charge
The charge experienced by an electron
Not the same as nuclear charge (Z; atomic number;
number of p
+
) because of the effect of the inner electrons
Shielding
Outer electrons are attracted to the nucleus, but repelled by the
inner electrons that shield them from the nucleus
Z
eff
is less than Z
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B. Effective Nuclear Charge
Z
eff
for a given electron depends on:
Distance of the electron from the nucleus
Number of core electrons
Z
eff
increases across a period
Z increases across a period
Shielding stays the same because only adding electrons to the outer
shell (no change to inner shell)
Therefore, Z
eff
increases
As Z
eff
increases, outer electrons are held more tightly,
therefore atoms are smaller.
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Atomic Radii
36
37
38
Problem
Just by looking at the periodic table, rank the
following atoms from largest to smallest: Cl, Se,
Br.

Se > Br (Se is to the left in period 4)
Br > Cl (Br is below Cl in group 17)

From largest to smallest: Se > Br > Cl
39
ION SIZES
Ionic sizes do differ from the size of the parent ion:

Cations, formed from atoms that have lost their outer
shell electrons, are smaller than the parent atom. The
larger the charge, the smaller the cation.

Anions, which have more electrons than protons, reflect
a reduced effective nuclear charge and are larger than
the parent atom. The higher the negative charge, the
larger the anion.
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Cs, 265 pm
Cs
+
, 181 pm
N, 75 pm
N
3-
, 171 pm
55 ps,
54 es
55 ps,
55 es
7 ps,
7 es
7 ps,
10 es
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Ionic Size and Isoelectric Series
Ionic sizes can best be remembered if considered in
the context of the isoelectric series: all the ions
which contain the same number of electrons as a
neighboring noble gas:

N
3-
O
2-
F
-
Ne Na
+
Mg
2+
Al
3+


In this series, all the elements have gained or lost es
to achieve the neon configuration 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6


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Neon Isoelectric Series ( Z=10, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
)
N Z= 7 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
N
3-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
171 pm
O Z= 8 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
O
2-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
126 pm
F Z= 9 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
F
1-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
119 pm
Na Z=11 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Na
1+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
116 pm
Mg Z=12 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
Mg
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
86 pm
Al Z=13 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
Al
3+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
68 pm
All ions: same number of es, increasing number of ps 43
Ar, Kr, Xe Series: Size in pm
6A 7A 1A 2A 3A
S
2-
170
Cl
1-
167
K
1+
152
Ca
2+
114
Ga
3+
76
Se
2-
184
Br
1-
182
Rb
1+
166
Sr
2+
132
In
3+
94
Te
2-
207
I
1-
206
Cs
1+
181
Ba
2+
149
Tl
3+
103
Ar


Kr


Xe
44
Remember Trend in Ionic size
Increases down a group
Decreases across a period
Decreases with increasing + charge (isoelectronic ions)
example: N
3-
> O
2-
> F
-
> Na
+
> Mg
2+
> Al
3+

Decreases with increasing + charge (multiple ions of the
same element)
example: Au
3+
< Au
+
< Au
45
Ionic Size
46
IONIZATION ENERGY
Minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated
gaseous atom
measure of an elements ability to form positive ions
First ionization energy (IE
1
): removes outermost e
-
atom + IE
1
ion
+
+ e
-
Second ionization energy (IE
2
): removes next e
-
Ion
+
+ IE
2
ion
2+
+ e
-
IE
2
> IE
1
Atoms with low IE
1
tend to form cations
Atoms with high IE
1
tend to form anions
47
Trends in Ionization Energy
Generally increases as you go across a period
Smaller atomic size, more difficult to remove e
-
Lowest = alkali metals
Highest = noble gases
Important exceptions at Be & Mg, N & P
Generally decreases as you go down a group
Larger atomic size, easier to remove e
-

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Ionization Energy
49
50
ELECTRON AFFINITY
Energy change that occurs when an electron is added to an isolated
gaseous atom
measure of an elements ability to gain an electron (ability to form an
anion)
Equation: atom + e
-
ion
-
(DE = Electron affinity)
Electron affinity is usually negative
DE < 0
exothermic process
Atoms with small negative EA tend to form cations
Atoms with large negative EA tend to form anions
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Trends in Electron Affinity
Generally become more negative across a period
Smaller atomic size, more attraction of e
-
to nucleus
Noble gases have EA > 0
Important exceptions at Be & Mg, N & P
No trends within groups
Greater attraction of e
-
to nucleus with smaller atoms, but greater e
-

repulsion as well
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53
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The trends in ionization energies and size can be thought
of as summarized in a single property called
electronegativity (en or X).

Electronegativity is a unit-less set of assigned values
on a scale of 0 --> 4 describing the ability of an atom to
attract electrons to itself.

The values reaches a maximum at fluorine, with an X =4.
Nonmetals have the largest values, metals the lowest.
Noble gases have no assigned X value.
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The most active metals have X values of 1.0 or
less

values for most transition and p block metals
are in the range 1.5 to 1.9

the metalloids run around 2.0

nonmetals are all assigned values greater than 2.

Only Cl (3.0), N (3.0), O (3.5) and F (4.0) have values
3.0 or greater.
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
INCREASES
>2
.8-1.4
1.5-1.9
Most active metals
Most active non-metals
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The electronegativity values are quite useful in
evaluating bond type and what we will term
bond polarity, which arises when electrons are
shared unevenly.
In summation:

Metals: larger size, lower ionization potential,
lower electronegativity; tend to form positive ions

Non-Metals: smaller size, higher ionization potential,
higher electronegativity; function as anions in
ionic compounds.
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SUMMARY

Q & A SESSION

Thank you

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