ORIGINS OF ENGLISH

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THE ROMANS IN BRITAIN
55 BC Romans invaded Britain, led by Julius
Caesar.(unsuccessful)
43 AD Romans occupied Britain, led by Emperor
Claudius.(successful)
Native inhabitants:
- Britons : native inhabitant of Britain.
- Picts : inhabitant of northern Britain(Scotland)
who came via Ireland.
- Scots : native inhabitant of Ireland move to
Britain
THE ROMANS IN BRITAIN
The Romans influenced :
- Infrastructure : Major roads, towns and cities had
bath houses, theatres, and places of worship.
- Language : Using Latin as official
language.

THE ARRIVAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS
At the beginning of 5
th
C, Roman Empire was under
threat Romans squad withdrawn from Britain.
Finally at 410 AD, the last Roman squad left Britain.
The Britons worried if the Picts and the Scots would
attack them. sought for help
The Romans couldnt help, so they sought
Germany and Denmark.

THE ARRIVAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS
Germany and Denmark agreed to give help. They
sent groups of garrisons:
- Saxon came from north-west Germany
- Angles came from Danish mainland and islands
- Jutes came from northern Denmark
These groups of garrisons (Saxon, Angles, Jutes)
were called Anglo-Saxons.
ENGLISH: WHATS IN A NAME?
In his book, Venerable Bede said that invaders of
Britain were Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
However, Crystal rejected some Bedes terminology
because Bedes terminology is just a simplification.
Names for communities at that time did not equate to
the modern concept of nations.
ENGLISH: WHATS IN A NAME?
Anglo-Saxon population was made up of many
communities, but they come to be known as
English.
The Angles were dominant group who settled in the
country. After all, England means land the Angles.
Bede sometimes used the Latin terms Angli and
Saxones interchangeably. Its getting confusing
because the term Angli could refer to the group
other than the Angles.
ENGLISH: WHATS IN A NAME?
Gradually, Anglo-Saxons settled in England and
lived a different life to Romans, with the emphasis
on hunting and agriculture.
In the seventh century, there were seven kingdoms
called the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. These were
Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent,
Sussex, and Wessex.
Those seven kingdoms were unstable and had
inconsistency in political power. Those who had
stronger political power would have influence in
dialect.
CHRISTIANITY REACHES ENGLAND
Direct contact between the OE and Latin happened
when Christianity was re-introduced.
In 597 AD Christianity was re-introduced by
Augustine.
He succeed baptising Ethelbert the King of Kent
Christianity spread wide.
It made Latin be the language of the church, and
scholar.
English infused with Latin so the vocabulary
increased further.
VIKING RAIDS
787-850 AD Britain become the victim of
raids by Scandinavian invaders, commonly
know as the Viking.
865 AD The greatest attack by Danish
Army, led by Ivar the Boneless and his
brother Halfdan, conquered East Anglia.
870 AD the Viking attacked Wessex,
where Elthered was king before he died in
871 and was succeeded as king by his
brother Alfred the Great and become the
first King of Anglo-Saxon.

VIKING RAIDS
Around 876 AD The Danes were back, but Alfred
could won over Guthrum, the Danish King of East
Anglia.
991 AD Viking armies, lead by Olaf Tryggvason
defeated Byrhtnoth, an East Saxon Leader.
1014 AD Svein, the King of Denmark, sent the
second King Elthered into exile in Normady. Then,
Svein was crowned King of England.
VIKING RAIDS
The Scandinavian language, included Old Norse,
had given a big impact on the development of Old
English.
E.g. (1) common lexical items came from Old Norse
take, die, wrong, law, and call.
(2) the < -s> inflection on third person present
simple singular form of the verb.