DS Chaudhary

Momentum Transport understanding flow

As Homer pulled his Morris (1.6m wide, 1.3 m high, 950kg) on the ramp
to highway, he noticed the smooth acceleration on a windless day.
After a steady 105km/hr, he observed that by pushing the clutch down,
it takes 5 s for the car to decelerate to 95 km/hr. what is an approx. drag
co-eff. for this Morris? Also, driving steadily, what %age of petrol used
(assume 10lt/100 km) is converted to mechanical energy, if heat of
combustion is 11,000 kcal (fuel density 750 kg/m3)? Lastly, if lift
coefficient is 30% more than its drag coefficient, what is the velocity
Homer need to travel to achieve a vertical lift force?

What are we going to learn?
Understand what is flow and differentiate the flow types

See various scenarios and mathematically model them
1. Flow phenomenon
1. Laminar, turbulence, basic eqn.
2. Flow of incompressible/compressible fluids
a) Laminar flow in pipes, turbulent flow

Apply equations to flow within a body and around a body
1. Flow past solid bodies
a) Flow through conduits, drag, Bed of solids

Mechanism by which flow energy is lost in equipments
1. Agitation and mixing
1. pumps, velocity/mixing in vessels

Understand the different empirical relationship used

Fluid flow
One of the foundations of chemical engineering
Necessary because;
Understand flow phenomenon
Flow in various equipment & processes
Flow induced heat transport
Flow induced mass transport

Flow phenomenon
Fluid deform with stress

What does a fluid carry along?
1. Viscosity
2. Density in general

3. Such that changes in density with P and T are either;
a) Very small incompressible flow
b) Significant compressible flow
Fluid statics
Pressure basic fluid property independent of
orientation of fluid elements under static condition

What is a hydrostatic equilibrium?

A static column of fluid has no pressure gradient in x OR y
direction, except in z direction pressure is due to height
(OR gravitation).

For incompressible fluids,


dz dz
(

=
=
RT
Z Z gM
if
Z Z g p p
b a
b a b a
) (
exp
p
p
gas ideal , known is density is variation
) (
b
a

Z
a

Z
b
Various hydrostatic equilibrium
Consider a centrifuge;
Industrial centrifuge operate @ high
speeds
Liquid body behaves like a solid cylinder

Consider a manometer;
Measuring pressure differences


Consider a decanter;
Separation of liquid based on density
diff.
Calculation/design of decanter based on
the liquid interface height, hi

HEAVY) OVER LIGHT - (remember ly respective density, heavy and light the are
2 and 1 mixture, liq inflow of height total ht liq, heavy of height overflow h2
;
2) 1/ ( - 1
2) 1/ ht( - h2
hi
n inclinatio of any) (if angle the is
meniscus liquid lower the from length axial liquid the is Z and constt, nal gravitatio - g
; 1)sin - 2 gZ( p1 - p2
acting are points pressure two where points radial the are r2 r1, locity, angular ve the is
;
2
) 1 2 ( 2
1 2



u
u
e
e
= =
=
=

=
r r
p p
Flow phenomenon
Flow is characterised by;
Inertial forces
Viscous forces
Presence of boundaries

INERTIAL FORCES how can we modify flow from outside?

VISCOUS FORCES What parameters could affect flow from inside?

BOUNDARY FORCES how does presence of solid boundary changes flow?
1. Presence of interface
Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow
Gases and most liquid are Newtonian
1. Flow where the force applied changes the velocity gradient linearly

Sludge, quicksand, toothpaste are all non-Newtonian
1. Flow where the proportionality between the external force and the velocity gradient is not
linear

Paint is also non-Newtonian but with a twist
1. Flow depends upon the total time the external force is applied and
2. Magnitude of the external force

viscosity Kinematic is
material overall capturing in better is BUT y viscosit called is
;
dz
dv

PROPERTY; ING UNDERLY AN HAVE ABOVE THE OF
v

v
t
=
=
ALL
Of course, when flow is non-NEWTONIAN, Such
proportionality eqn. does not explain the Flow
phenomenon and other eqn. must be applied,
eg. Power law eqn.
Laminar and Turbulence
When fluid behaves like a pack of cards where each card (or fluid
element) is sliding past each other Laminar

Turbulence
Characterised by presence of different eddy sizes
These eddies flow and mix with each other, and larger eddies break-down into
smaller eddies
Energy is carried in bulk by larger eddies, which collide with other eddies and
exchange energy or shatter to create smaller eddies
All eddies have inherent laminar flow within before breaking up

B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

l
a
y
e
r

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Distance from leading edge
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

l
a
y
e
r

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Distance from leading edge
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

l
a
y
e
r

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Distance from leading edge
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y

l
a
y
e
r

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Distance from leading edge
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
Equation of continuity
Mass of fluid entering and leaving a given tube in a unit time has to be constant

For a circular cross-sectional,




Momentum Balance: if fluid is flowing with mass rate , m, and an average velocity , V,





1. The momentum is not =mV (it is somewhat greater)
2. The correction factor is such that


changes) area sectional - cross the (if diameters the are D2 D1,
A
q
velocity flow average is V where ;
2
1
2 2
1 1
2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
V
V

}
|
.
|

\
|
= area CS - A velocity, avg - V velocity, local - u ;
1
2
dA
V
u
A
|
BERNOULLI
s
EQUATION

BERNOULLI
s
EQUATION : captures the momentum balance such that,

Flow due to (potential energy + kinetic energy)
A
= (potential energy + kinetic energy)
B



ignores frictional forces between fluid elements (exchange of energy via eddies)
ignores boundary conditions (variation in velocity due to solid surfaces)

2
2
2 1
2
1
1 1
2 2
u
gZ p
u
gZ p
+ + = + +


Correction to Bernoulli Eqn.
SOLID BOUNDARY:
LOCAL VELOCITY COMPONENT MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

The kinetic energy term, u
2
/2, must be found over the CS area of flow


Consider the fractional energy carried by a fluid element dA;




FLUID EDDY:
Friction factor f when eddies manifest themselves,
Consider the loss of fractional energy due to friction between eddies,
Such that all the potential or kinetic energy may not translate into increased velocity



)
2
(
2
u
dA u E =
factor energy kinetic ;
3
3
A V
dA u
}
= o
Corrected Bernoulli Eqn. and application



fluid of mass perunit friction to due eddies n the lost withi energy the represents such that

2
2 2
2 1
2
1 1
1 1 : EQN CORRECTED
2 2
f
f
u
gZ p
u
gZ p
+ + + = + +
o

0.25 -
Re 0.316 f
value Re high for n correlatio Blasius use
d encountere is flow ent when tubul
=
EXAMPLE
On the side-bottom of a completely full cylindrical vessel (D = 50cm, H =
2 m) containing water, a puncture hole is made (d = 5 mm). how long
will it take for the tank to half empty itself?
consider that flow co-eff is 0.65
A fluid is such that it deforms with stress
Stress could be defined as changes in temperature, pressure, height, work
A fluid carries its Viscosity and Density
a) Such that changes in density with P and T are either;
b) Very small incompressible flow
c) Significant compressible flow
When stationary, a fluid element experiences pressure from all directions and it exerts an
equal amount of pressure in all directions



Under stress, a fluid experiences motion, and behaves either NEWTONIAN or non-
NEWTONIAN
Shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient (or fluid strain)

Turbulence is a key aspect in fluid motion and brings a series of eddies with different
sizes and wherein pockets of laminar flow exist

The CORRECTED eqn. of continuity for momentum transport using BERNOULLIs EQN,
Takes into account solid bourdaries
Takes into account fluid internal friction
= kinetics energy (2 (laminar) and 1 (turbulent)
Stop & revise
eddies n the lost withi energy frictional the represents

2
2 2
2 1
2
1 1
1 1
2 2
f
f
u
gZ p
u
gZ p
+ + + = + +
o

=
=
RT
Z Z gM
if
Z Z g p p
b a
b a b a
) (
exp
p
p
gas ideal , known is density is variation
) (
b
a

;
dz
dv
t =
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
YOUR UNDERLYING ASSUMPTION IS STEADY FLOW

what are we aiming to find here?

If density doesnt change, the variation of velocity gradient is;
Affected by shear stress
Affected by viscosity

If we can now relate shear stress development to change in pressure

1. We can understand local velocity
2. Average velocity
3. Variation in velocity with viscosity
4. Overall flow characteristics
Key components of incompressible flow
Variation of pressure drop with shear stress;
Axial pressure gradient at any given CS area in a pipe, is
constant

Relation between fluid and wall;
Development of a skin friction

Development of the overall friction factor


FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID
When the flow is incompressible
When the flow is steady
When the flow is laminar

2
2
4
0
2
V
w
f
D
L w
f
r dL
dP
s

t
t
=
A
=
= +
velocity average is V length, axial is L ;
32
2
D
V
dL
dP

=
Hagen-Poiseuille eqn. is useful in the measurement
Of viscosity, by measuring the pressure drop over a
Length in a given pipe
Key components of incompressible flow
WHAT IF FLUID IS non-NEWTONIAN?
Most shear stress profiles are experimentally determined;

1. Variation in velocity with radius will occur

2. Pressure drop can vary with radius






Effect of Turbulence
Flow at interface (Wall and fluid) may be zero (slip has been observed)
A viscous sublayer exists near the wall (with no velocity gradient)
The bulk of the fluid has large eddies which contain laminar flow
a buffer layer exist between the viscous and bulk where there is diffusion of eddy energy
( ) L
n
n
R
KV
also
n
r R
RK
w
u
n
n
n
n n
n
A
+
= A
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
+
+ +
1 3 2
p
constant behaviour fluid a is n constant, al experiment an is K
calculated is u where radius fluid is r radius, pipe is R
;
/ 1 1
1
/ 1 1 / 1 1
/ 1
t
Turbulent flow elements
Average velocity in terms of the
maximum velocity obtained at the
centre of the pipe;

Effect of friction factor on flow

Correction for kinetic energy
dissipation

Correction for overall momentum
transfer
f
f f
f
f u
V
91 . 3 1
) 9 . 15 15 ( 78 . 0 1
75 . 1
8
Re ln 5 . 2
f/2
1
s velocitie local in variation large to due errors inbuilt has
;
) 2 / 75 . 3 ( 1
1
max
+ =
+ =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
=
|
o
Application of friction factor in flow
Through a steel tube of 60 m length, 120 cubic m/hr of water is
pumped against a height difference of 25m. what will be the
difference in pressure between the beginning and end of tube
If tube is circular in cross-section D = 10 cm
If the tube is square is cross-section 10X10cm