.

Presentation by

A N I L G. P A T I L

Area Load Despatch Centre, Ambazari
MSETCL, Nagpur
email: anilgpatil2@rediffmail.com

2008-09

SCADA
Application in


upervisory
ontrol
nd
ata
cquisition











Formation of National grid
NR-WR-ER-NER parallel operation
NR

SR
ER+NER
WR

400 KV Rourkela-RaipurD/C
220 KV Budhpadar-Korba T/C
(1000 MW)
Vin HVDC b-to-b
(500 MW)
Bhadravati HVDC
b-to-b (1000 MW)
Talchar-Kolar
HVDC b-to-b
(1500 MW)
Sasaram HVDC b-
to-b (500 MW)
The term SCADA refers to a large-
scale, distributed measurement and
conrol system. It is usually a central
system that monitors and controls a
complete site.
SCADA system comprises of
software package interfaced with
the hardware.
Central Control Room with Host
Computers/workstations/Task
servers.
Transducer Panel
Multiple Remote Terminal Units
(RTUs) or Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC)
Communication Infrastructure
SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENTS
DAC:
overview
Load Despatch
Control Centre
Power Plant
Boiler
Turbine
Substation Switchyard
Trans
former
Breaker
CT, PT, CVT, Optical sensor
Power plant Control Room
RTU
IED
PLC
Panels:
Transducer
Control
Relay
Substation Control Room
RTU
IED
PLC
Panels:
Transducer
Control
Relay
Generation:
Data &
Control
Transmission
Transmission:
Data &
Control
Generation
GPS
receiver
GPS
receiver
SCADA system contains all
functions of data acquisition, data
processing, data storage and
retrieval, data output / display and
supervision.
SCADA
Applications
Electricity Generation
Power Transmission and
Distribution
Chemical Industries
Steel Industries
Gas Pipelines
Railways
SCADA for Power System Control
SCADA for Power System
Control
SCADA is a powerful tool for the Load
Dispatchers to monitor the power
system parameters in real time mode
thereby maintaining the security and
stability of power system.
Data is acquired from various power
stations/ EHV sub-stations, processed
in real time mode and displayed for
Load Dispatchers in various formats /
single line diagrams.

SCADA----IMPORTANCE
The main task of the load
dispatcher is to ensure quality
and reliable power at an
economical rate. To fulfill this
commitment, LD must have upto
date and reliable information of
power stations and important EHV
sub-stations under control.
Why SCADA System is
needed?
Now a days with the increasing capacity of
the integrated power system day by day, the
complexity has also increased and controlling
and monitoring of the power system has
become a cumbersome task due to dynamic
variations of system parameters such as
active power, reactive power, voltage,
frequency etc. which needs close monitoring.
SCADA is the powerful tool to monitor the
system parameters in real time mode and
give readymade solutions to LDs for taking
corrective measures to maintain stability/
security.
Remote Tele-Metering Units
(RTUs)
In M.S.E.T.C.L. Siemens make RTUs are
installed at power stations and important sub-
stations to acquire the data. These RTUS are
differentiated as per protocols. The RTUs
which functions on Siemens standard
protocol are called as SINAUTs and the RTUs
which functions on IEC ( International Electro-
technical Commission) protocol is called as
SICAM. SINAUT means System Network
AUTomation and SICAM means Sub-station
Integration Control Automation Monitoring.
RTU
SINAUT 1024 RTU
RTU consist of following modules.
Telecontrol processor(FWP) : Consists of two processors, memory
such as RAM, EPROM and EEPROM and trans-receiver. Parallel to
serial conversion of information in outgoing direction and serial to
parallel conversion in incoming direction. It also generates check bits
in outgoing direction and checks the message in incoming direction.
Digital input card (DE) : The static input module DE has floating
inputs for 32 binary signals of 48 Volts.
Analog input card (AE) : Analog input module AE is used for
conversion of up to 32 measurands (-10 mA ..+10 mA) into digital
values with 8 bits and one bit for sign.
GTS : Control and monitoring module for SINAUT.
TRS : Used for conversion of information from the transformer tap
position to a code which is suitable for the system.
BAR / BAG : Command input / output module.
Power supply :
SINAUT 1024 RTU
SINAUT operates on minimum 200 Baud to 600 Baud PLCC
channels. Two types of data traffic modes are used for data
transmission between SINAUT RTU and ALDC Ambazari.
Point to point.
Master to multi-station.
Data transmission from master (SCADA system) to SINAUTs is
called control direction and that from SINAUT to master is called
as monitoring direction.
Message transmission is by pulse trains with pulse duration
modulation. Measured values are transmitted cyclically while
alarms, indications and transformer tap positions are transmitted
spontaneously to master station. Spontaneous transmission is
initiated whenever there is change in any of the indication.
Cyclic transmission is resumed after transmission of
spontaneous block of information. Measurands are updated
after every 10 seconds or less.
SICAM RTU
At present, one SICAM RTU is commissioned on IEC
870 as well as SINAUT protocol .
IEC protocol works with the minimum speed of 600
baud to 64 KBPS.
In IEC 870 protocol, the telegram structure is pulse
code modulated and has a very short reaction time.
Therefore IEC offers faster communication.
SICAM RTU consists of more or less the same
hardware modules as in SINAUT.
In order to interface SINAUT/ SICAM RTUs with
communication medium i.e. PLCC, Voice Frequency
Telegraphy (VFT) is used.
How measurands are tele-
transmitted?
Measured values such as MW, MVAR,
Hz, KV, Amps are input to the SINAUT
system as unipolar ( 0-10 mA) or
bipolar currents (-10 0- +10mA). The
source of transmission is transducer
where the actual signal conversion
starts. Transducers are basically
Monopolar with output range (0 to 10
mA)
Bipolar with output range (-10 -0-
+10ma)
How Measurands are tele-transmitted?
MW
TRANSDUCER
800-0-800
PT
Aux. Supply 48 V
O/P +/- 10 mA
A.E.
D.E.
FWP
0 to 250
Binary value
PLCC
VSAT
Radio
OFS
Aux. Relays
Of CB/Isolator
RTU
MW
TRANSDUCER
800-0-800
O/P +/- 10 mA
A.E.
D.E.
FWP
0 to 250
Binary value
VFT
2.4 4 KHz
PLCC
50 500 KHZ
VFT
2.4 4 KHz
PLCC
50 500 KHZ
Tele
Control
Interface
MMI
L.D. Ambazari
220
RTU
How measurands are tele-
transmitted?
Suppose the bipolar transducer output is (-10 0 - +10 mA) and the
transducer range is 800-0-800 MW. The transducer output will be 10mA
at full load which is converted to 250 bits by SINAUT as raw value.
Some multipliers are defined in the processing software to display this
raw value in physical value (analog) and is defined by the equation
Y = M * X + C
Where Y is physical value, X is the raw value and M and C are
the characteristic constant.
800=M* 250 Here C is zero as the quantity is linear.

M= 800/250 = 3.2
Hence raw value multiplied by 3.2 will give you the physical value
which is displayed in real time. As KV and Hz are non-linear, hence M
and C both are defined.
How Indications are tele-
transmitted
The indications/ alarms are tele-transmitted through DE cards in the SINAUTs.
The static input module DE has floating inputs for 32 binary signals of 48 Volts.
There are basically two types of indications, single state and double state.
Isolators and alarms are defined as single state and circuit breakers are defined
as double state. Single state indications are represented through NO auxiliary
contacts and double state indications are represented by NO and NC auxiliary
contacts.

Logic used for tele-transmission of single state and double state indications.
Auxiliary contact NO Single state ON 1

OFF 0

Auxiliary contact NO and NC Double state ON 01

OFF 10

These logics levels are tele-transmitted on change of status. Faulty status of
breaker is transmitted as 00.
Major Applications of SCADA for Power
System Management
EMS Applications
Expert Systems
Substation Automation
& Controls
Distribution Automation
Outage Management
RTU 1 RTU 2
RTU 21
SCADA SYSTEM AT ALDC AMBAZARI
SCADA SYSTEM AT SLDC KALWA
RTU 1 RTU 2 RTU 44
EMS
SYSTEM
WRLDC
64 KBPS Leased line
200 Baud PLCC Links
200 Baud PLCC Links
Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition
Overview of SCADA System
MPEB
GEB
GOA
DC
DC
Sinaut Spectrum SCADA, Kalwa
Sinaut Spectrum SCADA, Ambazari
13 RTUs
GPS
NA GCS MMI
. .
Sinaut Spectrum EMS
MMI
Chandrapur Padge
HVDC SCADA
TCI1 TCI2
ICCP1
MMI COM ADM
..
ICCP2
. . . . . . . . .
ICCP1
ICCP2
TCI1 TCI2 MMI COM ADM
. . . . . . . . .
..
Data Links
2 X 64 Kbps
. .
ULDC SCADA at WRLDC
ICCP
6 x 64 Kbps
OPF Link
9 IEC
RTUs
1 IEC
RTU
Ethernet Hub / Switch
Ethernet Hub / Switch
. . . . . . . . .
GPS
26 RTUs
4 Nos.
10 RTUs
7 RTUs CSEB
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
Highlights of SCADA system
Sinaut Spectrum SCADA functions are distributed among 64 Bit,
RISC, SUN Ultra 10 Servers on LAN.
10 Nos. of IEC RTU are integrated in the system
System supports Sinaut 8FW RTU protocol as well as
internationally accepted IEC -870 - 5 -101 protocol.
ICCP protocol based on international standards for data exchange
between SLDC, Kalwa and ALDC, Ambazari as well as RLDC, Marol
Huge memory capacity, faster speed and response.
200 % additional capacity for future expansion
The Front End processor is capable of acquiring data from
35 Direct RTUs, However, with the usages of Data Concentrator
560 RTUs can be connected to each system.
400 KV
NE

400 KV NETWORK OVERVIEW
GENERATION & EXCHANGE OVERVIEW
Typical Real Time Generation Overview
34
Maharashtra State Power System Real Time Overview
ADVANCED SCADA

FUNCTIONS

EMS Applications
SCADA is a prerequisite for EMS
(Energy Management System) which
offers several powerful functions to
ease the power system operations, to
raise the system security and to
facilitate the personal training. All
these functions serve to reach the
most efficient operations as quick as
possible.
SCADA system can be extended by
following EMS servers
Network Analysis (NA)
Generation Control & Scheduling (GCS)
Dispatcher Training Simulator (DTS) &
Power System Simulator (PSS)

Network Analysis (NA) Server
Network analysis functions such as
State estimator, on-line load flow
calculation, on-line short circuit
calculation, contingency evaluation
etc. forms an integral part of the
network control system in many power
utilities.
Proven to be useful aids in operational
management of network enabling the
timely detection of work points in the
network and as decision making aids in
difficult situations.
Functions of NA Server
Basic functions
NA Sequence control NA operation/display routines
Case
Management
External
Network
modeling
Network
Status
processor
Bus
scheduler
State
estimator
On-line
Load flow
Penalty factor
calculation
On-line
Short-circuit
Contingency
evaluation
Optimal power flow
Voltage/Var
scheduling
Voltage/Var
dispatch
Emergency
Constrained
dispatch
Active power
Remedial
action
Active power
Remedial
action
LAN
GCS Server
The purpose of Generation Control &
Scheduling (GCS) server is
Frequency maintenance & observations of
contracts by optimized generation dispatch
Minimization of generation costs
Calculation of demand
Observation of generation costs in
comparison with optimized costs
Definition & control of interchange contracts
Wheeling loss calculation
GCS Server
Schedule Management System
Unit commitment
Hydro unit calculation
Hydro thermal coordination
Water worth
Value
calculation
Interchange
Transaction
Evaluation
Short term
Load
forecasting
Reserve
Monitor
Economic
Dispatch
Production
costing
Interchange
Transaction
Evaluation
Data Acquisition & Control
Interchange
scheduling
Automatic
Generation
Control
AGC
Performance
Monitor
Energy
Accounting
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Sub-station Automation &
Integration
Sub-station automation is rapidly
increasing area of interest and benefit to
Power utilities.
Sub-station automation goes beyond
traditional SCADA to provide added
capability and information that can further
improve operations and maintenance,
increase system & staff efficiency.
Sub-station Automation &
Integration
Applications and data of interest may include remote
access to IED/relay configuration ports, waveform, event
data, diagnostic information, video for security or
equipment status assessment, metering, switching,
volt/VAR management, and others.
Newer microprocessor based relays and other intelligent
devices have interfaces such as DNP 3.0 over
TCP/IP/Ethernet. Additionally, more utilities are gaining
access to fiber optic based communication and /or IP
Wireless communication at sub-stations which can
greatly enhance sub-station automation possibilities and
benefits.
Objectives :The expert system base provides
knowledge base for storing and maintaining all
relevant network data, communicates with a
SCADA system and controls all expert system
applications.
System :The basic Expert system consists of a
knowledge base, an event manager module and
a set of SCADA interface functions.
Expert System
While the SCADA / EMS system provides basic
tools for efficient network operations, an expert
system can further expand the efficiency and
safety of operations.
Applications of Expert System
A disturbance analysis system identifies & locates
network faults.
A remedial action system isolates faults, restores
unsupplied stations or removes overloads.
Voltage control stability.
Expert System
The functional features for Expert System covers all state of
the art functionality for following packages
1) Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP)
2) Power System Restoration (PSR)

The Expert System operates in a real time environment
and covers on line processing of real time data and IAP as
well as automatic creation and update of knowledge base.
The PSR is a model based hybrid expert system combining
rules and algorithm. PSR supports the load dispatcher
sufficiently in case of emergency.

IAP
PSR
Interlock
Fault
Identification/
Diagnostic
Comments/
Advices/
Switching Sequence
User
Interface
SCADA SYSTEM
Input data
O/P Report List
O/P Report List
O/P Result
Expert
System
Expert System
Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP) : This on line tool produces
automatically a diagnosis when a fault event occurs in the Energy
Network. Typically a fault event creates an alarm inrush and the system
operator would have to look up at up to hundreds of alarm messages.
Therefore IAP provides information about the fault location in case of
network disturbance. It informs to operator the nature and the
consequences of the disturbance quickly and exactly.

Input : The input data for IAP that comes from the SCADA for correct output
(diagnosis )is :
The topology of the network
The alarms from the automatism
Logical working schema of the automatism.
Output (Diagnosis) :
The date & the time of disturbance
The faulty equipment (transformer, line, bus bars)
The protection system which clears the fault.
Additional information (e.g. breaker failure, automatic recloser successful /
unsuccessful etc. )
The report list shall be invoked on the Basic Signaling Display.


Expert System
2) Power System Restoration (PSR) : This on-line tool, considering
all the situations occurring during a power system partial or
complete break down, presents restoration plan in all possible
scenario. It generates the switching sequence automatically and
delivers instructions in form of advices for the emergency
situation and therefore :
Avoid critical situations
Assures safe network operation
Avoid stress
Gives complete assistance when unexpected critical event
occurs
Shortens the consumer outage time.


Expert System
The PSR shall run in the following phases :
Fault isolation
Situation identification
Identification of Islands
Energizing of islands
Connecting of islands
Pick up of load according to energizing of underlying networks
Further meshing and connecting further power stations.
The PSR have two different points of view
Static Model described by the load flow calculation
Dynamic model described by special formula sets or models.

Expert System
User Interface:
The output results of the PSR are mainly
instructions for power system restoration
and can be displayed in reports and
switching jobs having following contents :
Comments
Advices
Switching commands

Expert System
Advantages
The expert knowledge is made available for any time
use.
The cognitive load on operator can be reduced by
focusing his attention to compacted relevant network
information.
Faster response to network event reduces the risk of
additional damages & the duration of outages.
The potential of human errors is minimized.
Some critical situations can be avoided at all.
Expert System
Now let us highlight the major advantage
of integration of real time Expert System in
SCADA, that could have averted blackout
on dt 09.11.2007 in Marathwada area of
MSETCL Power System considering the
following Case Study.
Date : 09.11.2007
Time : 17:26 Hrs
.
Total Load shedding
Withdrawn Being Diwali.
The load of Marathwada Area
To the tune of 1200 MW
was being catered from following
Sources :
Total Parly Gen.: 750 MW
Loading on Both 400/220 KV 315 MVA ICTs
at Giravali s/s : 330 MW (560 Amps)
220 KV Pusad-Parbhani Ckt: 55 MW
220 KV Pusad-Nanded Ckt.: 125 MW

NORMAL STATE
Advice from
Expert System :
Watch out for
any Gen. loss
and ready for
implementing
conglomerated
Load
Management
Plan for evening
peak demand
management.
Time : 17:27 Hrs
Total Parly Gen.reduced to 570 MW
Due to withdrawing of Parly Unit 5.
Loading on Both 400/220 KV 315 MVA
ICTs at 400KV Girawali s/s
reached to: 430 MW (800) Amps
ALERT STATE
Advice from Expert
System :
1. Shift the load of 220
KV Dhamangaon s/s
being catered from
220 KV Wardha s/s
on 220 KV Amravari
s/s thus making 220
KV Wardha a strong
source for catering
the load of 220 KV
Pusad s/s.
2. Shift total load of 220
KV Parbhani s/s on
220 KV Pusad s/s OR
shift partial load of
Nanded s/s on 220
KV Pusad s/s.
3. And Likewise steps
for reducing the
loading on both ICTs
at Girawali s/s.
Time : 18:17 Hrs
Overload alarms on both ICTs occurred.
Stage I alarm occurred at 95% of Full load
Stage II alarm occurred at 105% of Full load

Time : 18 : 23 Hrs
Parly Gen. Unit 6 tripped.
Total load on both ICTs reached to 1080 Amps.

CRITICAL STATE
Advice from
Expert System :
Carry out
Distress load
shedding in
Nanded,
Parbhani,
Harangul area to
the tune of 200
Amps to control
the loading
TOTAL COLLAPSE


Time : 18:28:20 Hrs
Both 315 MVA ICTs tripped at
400 KV Girawali s/s Causing tripping of
remaining gen. units at Parly TPS.

Time : 18:30 Hrs
220 KV Pusad, Nanded, Parbhani s/s in dark.

Affecting about 1200 MW load in
Marathwada area
DISTURBANCE
Advice from
Expert System :
Advice for
management for
remaining
existing loads.
Switching
Sequence for
quick restoration
Thus it can be very well seen that integration of
real time Expert System in SCADA could have
possibly averted such and similar types of partial
/ complete blackouts by advising load
dispatcher through set of instructions / switching
sequences, technical support etc under such
emergency condition, and avoiding total load
throw off to the tune of 1200 MW, a huge
revenue loss to the company, law & order
problems & as well as embarrassment to the
company.
Conclusion
. It is emphasized that SLDC institution, which is
apex body for the grid operation in the state in
coordination with RLDC, has an important and
increasing role in operating the State Grid in an
economic, reliable and secure manner and
maintain coordination with the RLDC and all users
of the grid within the State . To take correct
decisions from Real Time System up-dation SCADA-
EMS is necessary

Thank You