Presented By: Aditya B B Sharma

Reg No: 4670

Power System Engineering
Types of Electricity Generating Windmills
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Small (10 kW)
Homes
Farms
Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping,
telecom sites,
icemaking)
Large (250 kW - 2+MW)
Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power
Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power


KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Yawing Facing the Wind
Active Yaw (all medium &
large turbines produced
today, & some small turbines
from Europe)
Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point
rotor into the wind
Yaw drive turns gears to point
rotor into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small
turbines)
Wind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanes
Downwind turbines
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Turbines: Two Types
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Two Types
Vertical Axis Advantages
Can place generator on
ground
You dont need a yaw
mechanism for wind
angle
Disadvantages
Lower wind speeds at
ground level
Less efficiency
Requires a push


Horizontal Advantages
Higher wind speeds
Great efficiency
Disadvantages
Angle of turbine is
relevant
Difficult access to
generator for repairs

KE to Usable Energy
Limitations
There is a limit to the amount of energy that can be harnessed by
an individual wind turbine.
The more kinetic energy that a wind turbine pulls out of the wind,
the more the wind will be slowed down as it leaves.
If a designer tried to extract all the energy from the wind
air would move away with the speed zero
air prevented from entering the rotor of the turbine
If the designer did the exact opposite and allowed the wind to pass
through the wind turbine without being hindered at all, again,
energy will not be cultivated,
since the rotor blades would not be spun, the
shaft wouldnt spin
kinetic energy would not be converted into electricity
Betz Law
designer of a wind turbine must find an ideal balance
between these two extremes
Fortunately for wind energy advocates and
enthusiasts there is a simple answer to this dilemma
Under Betz Law an ideal wind turbine would slow
down the wind by 2/3 of its original speed (the
capture of 59.6% of the winds speed).


Pitch control system not only continually regulates the wind turbine's blade
pitch angle to enhance the efficiency of wind energy conversion and power
generation stability, but also serves as the security system in case of high wind
speeds or emergency situations.
Four main types of WT architecture
SCIG
soft starter to limit inrush
current during start-up, can
WRIG
can often run at two
different (but constant)
speeds
maintain
const. P o/p,
Dynamic
response
under grid
disturbances
DFIG
variable-frequency ac
power into fixed-frequency
ac power.
Although these have been
built up to 1.5 MW, several
disadvantages are apparent
The Power converter, which
has to be rated at 1 p.u.
total system power, is
expensive.
Inverter output filters and
EMI filters are rated for 1
p.u. output power, making
filter design difficult and
costly.
Converter efficiency plays
an important factor in total
system efficiency over the
entire operating range
To harness the wind power
efficiently the most reliable
system in the present era is
grid connected doubly fed
induction generator
1)Advantage of utilizing the turns
ratio of the machine, so the
converter does not need to be
rated for the machines full rated
power.
2)Reduced inverter cost, because inverter
rating is typically 25% of total system
power, while the speed range of the ASG
is 33% around the synchronous speed
3) Power-factor control can be implemented
at lower cost, because the DFIG system (four-
quadrant converter and induction machine)
basically operates similar to a synchronous
generator. The converter has to provide only
excitation energy.
4)Compared to SCR based Kramer
Drives, the DFIG with 4 quad IGBT
back-back converters in rotor
circuit enables DECOUPLED
Active & Reactive Power Control.

Doubly Fed Induction Generator

=

2

3
=1

After d-q Transformation Equations ,the space
vector equations are

Below Ws in the motoring mode and above the Ws in the generating mode,
rotor-side converter operates as a rectifier and stator-side converter as an
inverter, where slip power is returned to the stator.
Below Ws in the generating mode and above Ws in the motoring mode, rotor-
side converter operates as a inverter and stator-side converter as an rectifier,
where slip power is returned to the stator.
Indeed, the basic concept is to interpose a frequency converter between the
variable frequency induction generator and fixed frequency grid
Block Diagram of DFIG

Control strategies of DFIG
1. The control strategy of the DFIG is based on rotor current space
vector control with the d-q frame.
2. Flux magnitude angle control (FMAC) adjust the magnitude of the
rotor voltage for the control of the stator voltage and phase angle
of the rotor voltage for the control of the electrical power.
FMAC can also add auxiliary control loops.
However the conventional FMAC involves
relatively complex transform between the rotor and
synchronous reference frame

3. Another useful control strategy is based on the
direct power control (DPC) With appropriate
rotor voltage space vectors.
DPC can also achieve decoupled active and
reactive power control. However, the switching
frequency is not constant with the variation of
operating conditions. This makes the design of
the harmonic lter of the rotor side power
converter difficult.


Rotor-Side converter control block
diagram
For the rotor-side controller the d-axis of the rotating reference frame used for
d-q transformation is aligned with air-gap flux.
Iqr_ref must be injected in the rotor by Crotor. This is the current
component that produces the electromagnetic torque Tem.
The current regulator is assisted by feed
forward terms which predict Vqr.
In var regulation mode the reactive power at grid terminals is kept constant by a var regulator.
The output of the voltage regulator or the var regulator is the reference d-axis current Idr_ref
that must be injected in the rotor by converter Crotor. The same current regulator as for the
power control is used to regulate the actual Idr component of positive-sequence current to its
reference value. The output of this regulator is the d-axis voltage Vdr generated by Crotor.
Grid-Side converter control block
diagram
The Grid side converter is used to regulate the voltage of the DC bus capacitor.
For the grid-side controller the d-axis of the rotating reference frame used for d-q
transformation is aligned with the positive sequence of grid voltage.
References
EKANAYAKE J.B., HOLDSWORTH L., XUEGUANG W.,
JENKINS N:Dynamic modeling of doubly fed
induction generator wind turbines, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., 2003, 18, pp. 803809

LEDESMA P., USAOLA J.: Doubly fed induction
generator model for transient stability analysis,
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2005, 20, pp. 388397

Modelling and control of a Doubly Fed Induction
Generator (DFIG) based Wind Conversion
System,IEEE Trans. Power Syst. Ghennam, T. UER:
ELT-EMP, Lab. d''Electron. de Puissance, Algiers
Berkouk, E.M. ; Francois, B.



Zero-blade technology devices are capable of overcoming the Betz limit,
which states that no turbine can capture more than 59.3 percent of the
kinetic energy of the wind.
An average wind turbine captures only 30 to 40%, while the Saphon
turbine is said to be 2.3 times more efficient. Additionally, the cost is
expected to be 45% less than a conventional turbine, mostly due to the
fact that there are no blades, no hub, and no gearbox on the units.
The Saphon Zero Blade technology is different in other ways as well, most
significantly being storage of energy. Most of the kinetic energy can be
stored (via a hydraulic accumulator) or converted to electricity with a
hydraulic motor and generator.
Each hollow pole is a stack of piezoelectric ceramic discs.
When the wind sways the poles, the stack of piezoelectric disks is forced into compression, thus
generating a current through the electrodes.
Within each concrete base is a hollow chamber that houses a torque generator. The generator
converts the kinetic energy of the swaying poles into electrical energy by way of an array of
current generating shock absorbers, which convert energy produced by the forced movement of
fluid through the shock absorber cylinders.
It does this through the displacement of charged particles by the wind in
the opposite direction of an electrical field. The device comprises a steel
frame holding rows of insulated tubes .
Each tube features several electrodes and nozzles which release
positively-charge water into the air, through a process that's been dubbed
Electrospraying".
Positively charged particles naturally move towards the negative
electrode, but when the wind is allowed to push the particle away from
the negative electrode, it increases its potential electrical energy.
The whole system comprises of a battery, inverter, HVDC source, pump
and charging system.
All components are placed on a metal plate which is supported by ceramic
insulators. The insulated metal plate acts as a capacitor, which is charged
by the removal of the charged droplets.


A bladeless wind turbine with no moving parts that produces
electricity using charged water droplets.