Head and Neck

Anatomy
Lecture # 3
Sphenoid,
Maxilla and
Mandible
Chapter 26
Salvador Dali Ballerina 1939
Sphenoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Single midline bone that articulates with frontal,
parietal, ethmoid,temporal, zygomatic, maxillary,
palatine, vomer and occipital bones
Runs through the midsaggital section of the skull
and helps connect neurocranium to
viscerocranium
Resembles a bat with wings
Complex bone encountered in almost every view
of the skull
Sphenoid Bone
Composed of
body, greater
wings and lesser
wings and
paired pterygoid
processes
Within the body
is one of the
pairs of
paranasal
sinuses the
sphenoid sinus

Superior view
Anterior view
pPosterior view
Pterygoid processes
These processes project downward
from the body of the sphenoid
Articulate with the maxilla (palatine
bones)
Projecting down from the medial
pterygoid plate is the hamulus which
is important in attachment of muscles
of the soft palate
Muscles of mastication attach to
these plates
Pterygoid Processes of the Sphenoid
Bone
=

Lacrimal groove
Maxilla(e)
Paired bones which join at the midpalatine suture
Consists of a body and four processes
Frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process and palatine process
f
z
a
Maxilla

10
Body
Frontal
Process
Zygomatic
Process
Alveolar Process
Palatine Process
Courtesy Mike Fey, DDS, MSD


Disarticulated
lateral view with
the body and four
processes of the
maxilla.
Palatal process of the maxilla
Incisive foramen
What is a rapid palatal expansion
device?
Used to widen
the palate to
facilitate
improved
occlusion
May be fixed
or removeable
Usually worn
for 3-4 months
Maxillary Sinuses
Maxilla contains
large sinuses which
lie within the
bodies of the
maxillae
Form a very thin
wall of bone
between the roots
of the maxillary
posterior teeth and
sinus
Infections may
spread from sinus
to teeth and teeth
to sinus

What is a sinus lift?
(sinus augmentation)

Surgery that adds bone to the maxillary
alveolar process in the region of molars and
premolars to facilitate placement of an
implant
Bone may come from your own body
(autogenous), from a cadaver (allogeneic) or
from a cow (xenograft)
The sinus lining membrane is lifted and bone
is added
Paranasal Sinuses
Paranasal Sinuses
There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses two ethmoids, two
frontals, two maxillaries and two sphenoids.
The maxillary sinuses are the largest of the paranasal sinuses.
At birth these sinuses are the size of a small pea. With growth
they expand to occupy a greater portion of the body of the
maxilla. In a young adult the maxillary sinus occupies an area
from just posterior to the maxillary canine back to the area of
the third molar in the anteroposterior direction. In a superior
inferior direction it would extend from the floor of the orbital
cavity inferiorly to the point where it extends down to the
root tips of the maxillary posterior teeth.

Mandible
Single large bone consisting of three parts:
horizontal body, alveolar process and vertical
ramus
body
ramus
Alveolar process
Lateral view of the mandible
Lateral view of the mandible
The mental protruberance is located at the tip
of the chin. Just posterior to the mental
protruberance is the mental foramen for the
passage of blood vessels and nerves. The
location of this foramen divides the alveolar
process from the body of the mandible. The
point where the inferior border of the
mandible turns upward is the angle of the
mandible which divides the horizontal body
from the vertical ramus.

Medial view of the mandible
Midway up the ramus is the mandibular foramen where the nerves and blood vessels
for the lower teeth and lip enter the mandible. These travel within the mandible in the
mandibular canal providing nutrition and sensation to the mandibular teeth.
Just anterior to the mandibular foramen is the mylohyoid line an area of attachment
of the mylohyoid muscle.
The mylohyoid groove below the mandibular foramen is for passage of the mylohyoid
nerve and vessels to the mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles.
Toward the anterior part of the mylohyoid line are found the sublingual and
submandibular fossae. These depressions provide for the salivary glands which are
located in these fossae.
The area immediately behind the mandibular third molar is the retromolar triangle.
The lateral margin of this triangle is the external oblique line and the medial margin is
the internal oblique line.
At the superior aspect of the ramus of the mandible there are a number of landmarks.
The mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ. The
slightly narrowed area just beneath the condyle is known as the condylar neck.
Anterior to the condyle is a depression in the ramus known as the coronoid or
mandibular notch. Anterior to the coronoid notch is the coronoid process which is the
attachment for one of the muscles of mastication.

The mandibular canal
Posterior view of the mandible
Viewing the mandible from the posterior view of the
mandible, in the midline are two small, grouped
projections, one above and one below. These are
the superior and inferior genial tubercles or mental
spines which provide attachments for muscles that
aid in tongue movement and swallowing the
genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles. Just below
these projections at the inferior border of the
mandible are the digastric fossae for attachment of
the digastric muscles.
Also visible is a small projection of bone that partially
covers the opening of the mandibular foramen
known as the lingula where the sphenomandibular
ligament attaches.

Anterior view of the mandible
Temporomandibular Joint
Lateral view of the face showing
landmarks of the mandible
Landmarks
Ptyergoid processes
Hamulus
Anterior nasal spine
Maxillary tuberosity
Median palatine suture
Maxillary sinus
Frontal, zygomatic and palatine
processes and body of the maxilla
Mental protruberance
Mandibular condyle
Coronoid (mandibular) notch
Coronoid process
Neck of the condyle
Body, ramus and alveolar processes
of the mandible
Angle of the mandible
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Mandibular canal
Mylohyoid line
Sublingual and submandibular fossae
Retromolar triangle
Genial tubercles (mental spines)
Digastric fossa
Lingula


Review / Answer / Read
Review questions: Page 331 (answers page
413)
Answer T /F + multiple choice + diagrams:
page 516 (answers page 558)
Read Chapter 27 Nose, Nasal Cavity and
Paranasal Sinuses
Read Chapter 28 Muscles of Mastication,
Hyoid Muscles, SCM and Trapezius Muscles for
next class