Yulia Suciati

Organisms can be classified

according to their source of
energy (sunlight or oxidizable
chemical compounds) and
their source of carbon for the
synthesis of cellular material.
Energy coupling in mechanical and
chemical processes. (a) The downward
motion of an object releases potential
energy that can do mechanical work. The
potential energy made available by
spontaneous downward motion, an
exergonic process (pink), can be coupled to
the endergonic upward movement of
another object (blue). (b) In reaction 1, the
formation of glucose 6-phosphate from
glucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) yields
a product of higher energy than the two
reactants. For this endergonic reaction, G
is positive. In reaction 2, the exergonic
breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
can drive an endergonic reaction when the
two reactions are coupled. The exergonic
reaction has a large, negative free-energy
change (G2), and the endergonic reaction
has a smaller, positive free-energy change
(G1). The third reaction accomplishes the
sum of reactions 1 and 2, and the free-
energy change, G3, is the arithmetic sum
of _G1 and G2. Because G3 is negative,
the overall reaction is exergonic and
proceeds spontaneously.
Biological Energy transformations obey the
Laws of Thermodynamics
For any physical or chemical change, the total amount of
energy in the universe remains constant; but it cannot be
created or destroyed.
The universe always tends toward increasing disorder: in all
natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases.
Living cells and organisms are open system, exchanging
both material and energy with their surroundings;
living systems are never at equilibrium with their
surrounding, and the constant transactions between
system and surrounding explain how organisms can create
order within themselves while operating within the second
law of the thermodynamics.
Free-energy change (DG) is a measure of the
chemical energy available from a reaction
DG = G
products
- G
reactants

DH = change in enthalpy
DS = change in entropy
Free-Energy Change
Both entropy and enthalpy contribute to DG
DG = DH - TDS
(T = degrees Kelvin)
-DG = a spontaneous reaction in the
direction written
+DG = the reaction is not spontaneous
DG = 0 the reaction is at equilibrium
Relationship between energy and
entropy
Hydrolysis, by causing
charge separation
(relieves electrostatic
repulsing)
Pi is stabilized by
formation of a
resonance hybrid (same
degree of double bound)
ADP
2-
immediately
ionizes, releasing a
proton into a medium of
very low (H
+
).
Greater degree of
solvation of the
products Pi and ADP
relative to ATP.
Hydrolysis of ATP
electrostatic repulsing
solvation
Metabolism Is the Sum of Cellular
Reactions
Metabolism - the entire network of chemical
reactions carried out by living cells
Metabolites - small molecule intermediates in
the degradation and synthesis of polymers
Catabolic reactions - degrade molecules to
create smaller molecules and energy
Anabolic reactions - synthesize molecules for
cell maintenance, growth and reproduction
Major Pathways in Cells
Metabolic fuels
Three major nutrients consumed by mammals:
(1) Carbohydrates - provide energy
(2) Proteins - provide amino acids for protein
synthesis and some energy
(3) Fats - triacylglycerols provide energy and
also lipids for membrane synthesis
Overview of
catabolic pathways
Biokimia 2009