AC Power Analysis

Unit 4
Unit 4
Instantaneous power
Instantaneous power p(t) absorbed by an element is
the product of instantaneous voltage v(t) across the
element and instantaneous current i(t) through it


Instantaneous power is the power at any instant
of time.
It is the rate at which an element absorbs energy
Let the voltage and current at terminals of the circuit be


Where V
m
and I
m
are the amplitudes (or peak value)
and
v
and
i
are the phase angles of voltage and
current respectively
The instantaneous power absorbed by the circuit is

When p(t) is +ve power is absorbed by the circuit and
when p(t) is ve power is absorbed by the
source.(power is transferred from circuit to source,
because of storage element)
Average Power
Instantaneous power changed with time and
therefore difficult to measure.
Average power is more convenient to measure.
(wattmeter response to average power)
Average power in Watt is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period
Average power


Consider two special case. When
v
=
i
voltage and
current in phase. This implies a purely resistive
circuit or resistive load R.


A purely resistive circuit absorbs power at all times.
When = 90,the circuit is purely reactive.


So purely reactive circuit absorbed no average power.
A resistive load absorbs power at all times, while reactive load
absorbs zero average power.

Apparent power & Power factor




, =
1
2

sin(

)
, = + ()
Problem 1:
Calculate the instantaneous power and average power absorbed by
the passive linear network if v(t) =160cos(50t) V and
i(t) =20sin(50t + 150)A
Problem 2:
Find the average power being delivered to an impedance Z
L
= 8-j11
by a current I = A
Problem 3:

For the circuit in figure, let = 435 rms, and find the average
power supplied:
a) by the source;
b) to the 20 resistor;
c) to the load.
Find the apparent power being supplied :
d) by the source;
e) to the 20 resistor; and
f) to the load.
Problem 4:
Obtain the power factor for each of the circuits in Figure Specify each
power factor as leading or lagging.
Problem 5:
A 240-V rms 60-Hz source supplies a parallel combination of a 5-kW
heater and a 30- kVA induction motor whose power factor is 0.82.
Determine:
a. Total apparent power; and
b. Total reactive power.
Problem 6:
A 110-V rms, 60-Hz source is applied to a load impedance Z. The apparent
power entering the load is 120 VA at a power factor of 0.707 lagging.
(a) Calculate the complex power.
(b) Find the rms current supplied to the load.
(c) Determine Z.
(d) Assuming that Z = R + j L, find the values of R and L.
Problem 7:
A source of 230 V rms is supplying three loads in parallel: 1.2 kVA
at a lagging pf of 0.8; 1.6 kVA at a leading pf of 0.9 and 900 W at
unity pf.
a) the amplitude of the source current;
b) the pf at which the source is operating; and
c) the complex power being furnished by the source.
Problem 8:
An industry has the following 3 major loads:
A motor rated at 4 hp, 0.8 pf lagging,
A heater rated at 1.5 kW, 1.0 pf,
Eight 110- W lightbulbs, and
a) Determine the total complex power
b) Calculate the real and reactive power.
c) Obtain the overall power factor.