Baron Chapter6

Chapter 6
Chapter 6
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Preudice: !ts "auses, #ffects,
and "ures
"opyright $%%&, 'llyn and (acon
Prejudice: Its Causes, Effects, and Cures
Prejudice: Its Causes, Effects, and Cures
The )ature and *rigins of +tereotyping,

Preudice, and ,iscrimination
Preudice and ,iscrimination: -eelings

and 'ctions Toward +ocial .roups
/hy Preudice !s )ot !nevitable:

Techni0ues for "ountering !ts #ffects
Nature and Origins of Stereotyping, etc.
+tereotyping: (eliefs 'bout +ocial .roups

1
Stereotypes2beliefs about social groups in terms of the traits or
characteristics that they are believed to share
These mental categories affect the processing of social information.

1
Gender Stereotypes2the traits possessed by females and males,
and that distinguish the two genders from each other
"ontain both positive and negative traits and convey status

3. +tereotypes and the 4glass ceiling,5 the barriers that prevent 0ualified
females from advancing to top6level positions
1 -emale leaders tend to receive lower evaluations from their subordinates compared
to male leaders.
7 /omen who violate expectancies based on stereotypes are likely to be reected
in male occupations.
7 /omen face greater obstacles than men do to achieve similar levels of success.
1 8en in traditionally female occupations do not face the glass ceiling.
.#),#9 +T#9#*T:P#
$. "onse0uences of token women in high places
1
Tokenism can be an effective strategy for deterring protest by
disadvantaged groups.
7
Tokens serve purpose of maintaining status 0uo
7
!t can be used as evidence that employers are not really preudiced
and maintains perceptions that system is fair
1
(eing a token employee can be upsetting and damaging to self6esteem
7
Tokens are perceived negatively by their coworkers
;. ,o targets agree with stereotypes of their group<
1 Benevolent Sexism2suggests that women are superior to men in
various ways e!g!, they have better taste" and are necessary for men#s
happiness
7 /omen are more likely than men are to agree with these ideas.
7 !ndicates tendency for low status groups to engage in social
creativity responses in the attempt to link positive 0ualities to their
group
7 8ay serve to keep women in low6status positions
1
$ostile Sexism2suggests that women are a threat to
men#s position e!g!, they are trying to sei%e power
from men which they are perceived as not deserving"
7
8en report higher levels than do women
7
Predicts negative stereotyping of women
1
"ountries with greater gender ine0uality are likely to
have more of both forms of sexism
.ender stereotypes and differential respect

1 People may think that men deserve more respect due to the higher positions they
hold compared to women.
7 This has conse0uences for discrimination against women in the workplace.
're gender stereotypes accurate<

1 'lthough some behavioral differences between males and females exist, the
degree of these differences is much smaller than gender stereotypes suggest.
7
,espite this, stereotypes continue to influence ratings people give of men
and women
/hy do People -orm and =se +tereotypes<

!. +tereotypes often act as schemas
Their use saves cognitive effort and they serve motivational purposes.
1
>ow stereotypes operate
They are easily accessible.
They strongly affect how social information is processed.
1 !nformation related to an activated stereotype is remembered better
1 +tereotype6consistent information is more likely to be noticed
1 +tereotype6inconsistent information, if noticed, often is refuted or changed to make it
appear consistent with the stereotype.
7 People who do not fit their group?s stereotype are put in a subtype and the
stereotype is not changed.
!!. +tereotypes contribute to the formation of illusory correlations, the
perception of a stronger association between two variables than
actually exists.
1 -or example, white 'mericans overestimate the crime rates of some minority groups.
7 *ne explanation is that infre0uent events stand out and are easily noticed,
especially when they confirm existing stereotypes.
1
'nother result of stereotype use
&&&! 'ut(group homogeneity2members of an out(group appear to be )all
alike* or more similar to each other than are members of the in(group
1 &n(group differentiation2members of own group are more heterogeneous
1 8ay be due to greater experience within one?s in6group and less experience with
members of other groups
1 !ts converse is the in(group homogeneity effect, which tends to occur most
commonly among minority group members who are uniting to respond to perceived
ine0ualities.
1
,o stereotypes ever change<
"hange may result when the relationships between groups and

corresponding behaviors change
"hange may result if in6group favoritism becomes socially unacceptable
"hange may result when social values and group memberships change
since stereotypes ustify une0ual social conditions
1
-or example, people with power are more likely to attend to negative stereotypic
information about members of subordinate groups.
+hat are your thoughts, +hat are your thoughts,

1
/hat are examples of traits that comprise gender stereotypes @for women
and for menA<
1
/hy don?t men typically face the same glass ceilings that women do<
1
/hat are the conse0uences of stereotyping for accurate social perception<
/ould you like to be udged on the basis of a stereotype about your group
membership<
1 /hy or why not<
Prejudice and Discrimination
-re.udice2negative attitudes toward members

of specific social groups
1
People high in preudice toward a certain group
tend to process information about that group
differently compared to information about other
groups.
!nformation consistent with preudiced attitudes is given

more attention and is remembered better
1
/hen anger is the emotion underlying preudice
toward a group, preudiced people 0uickly
evaluate that group negatively when they are
angry.
&ncidental feelings @irrelevant to groupA of anger can

generate automatic preudiced responses toward out6
groups.
1
!mplicit preudice can be automatically activated
and can affect overt behavior even though people
are unaware that they hold such views.
*rigins of Preudice
1
.enerally, perceptions of threat are involved.
Threat to self6esteem or group interests
"ompetition for scarce resources
+elf6categoriBation as a member of a group and

others as members of a different group
1
Threat to self6esteem
>olding preudiced attitudes toward an out6group allows people

to increase their self6esteem when they are feeling threatened.
1 This tendency is strongest among those who think their group?s interests
are being threatened.
1
"ompetition for resources as a source of preudice
/ealistic Conflict Theory @(obo, 3CD;A2view that

pre.udice stems from direct competition between various
social groups over scarce and valued resources
1
's competition increases, preudice increases
1
"an be reduced if cooperation is necessary @superordinate goals
are introducedA
1
9ole of social categoriBation: The us6versus6them
effect
People easily divide the social world into us @the in(

groupA versus them @the out(groupA.
1
People considered part of the Eus? category are thought of more
favorably than those in the Ethem? category.
1
This process affects the attributions people make.
7
0ltimate 1ttribution 2rror3tendency to make more
favorable and flattering attributions about members of
one#s own group than about members of other groups,
which is the self(serving attribution bias at the group level
>ow does social categoriBation result in preudice<

1
Social &dentity Theory3concerned with the conse4uences of
perceiving the self as a member of a social group and
identifying with it
7
*ne conse0uence is that self6esteem is involved with this
identification.
7
' need to increase self6esteem can result in seeing other
groups as inferior to one?s own.
7
/hen group members feel that their identity is being
threatened @perhaps because their identity is being combined
with another group?sA, they tend to exhibit increased levels of
preudice toward the other group.
5iscrimination2differential usually negative"

behaviors directed toward members of different
social groups
1
/hile blatant discrimination has decreased, but still does
occur, subtle forms are common.
6odern racism3more subtle beliefs than blatant feelings of

superiority, which consist primarily of thinking minorities are
seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve and a
denial that discrimination affects their outcomes
1 !nvolves concealing preudice until it is safe to express it
1
8easuring implicit racial attitudes
4(ogus Pipeline5 procedure involves deceiving participants

by telling them that any lies they tell will be detected.
1
*nly useful for measuring explicit @not implicitA attitudes
8ost methods that measure implicit attitudes are based on

priming2using a stimulus to make accessible related
information in memory
1
Bona fide pipeline2a techni4ue that uses priming to measure
implicit racial attitudes
7
People have implicit racial attitudes that are activated
automatically by members of ethnic groups and these attitudes
can influence behaviors expressed toward them.
"onse0uences of #xposure to *thers? Preudice

1
#xposure to preudiced comments can make people
yield to conformity pressures and express preudice
1
#xposure can cue negative stereotypes
People who hold preudiced attitudes are more likely to

respond to being primed by others? preudice by
expressing preudice themselves compared to people who
do not hold racist attitudes and people who hold
ambivalent racial attitudes.
1
#xposure to harmful actions of members of own
national group can raise collective guilt and
subse0uent strategies to reduce it
'rgue that it is not the group as a whole that is

responsible @it is only a 4few bad apples5A
8inimiBe the magnitude of the harm done
FegitimiBe the harm that was done

1
,eny the possibility of collective responsibility
1
(lame the victims by suggesting that they deserved being
harmed
Perceive the abuse as serving the nation?s higher

aspirations
+hat are your thoughts,

1
/hat are possible motivations behind preudice<
>ow does it originate in people<

1
"an modern racism result in serious negative
conse0uences for groups toward which it is
expressed<
!f so, what are examples< !f not, why not<

1
/hat are examples of how the people of a nation
reduce their collective guilt in response to
information that members of their national group
engaged in harmful, preudicial acts<
Why Prejudice is Not Ineita!"e
*n Fearning )ot To >ate

1
Social 7earning 8iew3pre.udice is ac4uired through
direct and vicarious experiences in much the same
manner as other attitudes
"hildren learn negative attitudes by hearing parents and other

significant others express them and then being rewarded for
adopting them.
1
To combat, call parents? attention to the illegitimacy of their
preudiced views
1
9emind parents of the high costs of holding preudiced attitudes
7
People high in preudice enoy everyday life less than others do.
,irect experience with people of other groups also influences

attitudes.
The Potential (enefits of "ontact

1
Contact $ypothesis3view that increased contact
between members of various social groups can
be effective in reducing pre.udice between them
!ncreased contact can decrease preudice by increasing

familiarity and reducing anxiety.
Positive contact that involves cooperation and

interdependence between groups can result in the
adoption of egalitarian social norms and the reduction
of preudice.
1
!n fact, simply learning that members of one?s in6group have
formed friendships with out6group members can decrease
preudice.
/ecategori%ation2shifts in the boundaries

between an in(group and some out(group
1
People in a former out6group now belong to the
in6group and are viewed more favorably.
1
Common &n(group &dentity 6odel2suggests
that to the extent individuals in different groups
view themselves as members of a single social
entity, intergroup bias will be reduced
This can happen when groups work together to

accomplish shared goals.
The (enefits of .uilt for Preudice 9eduction

1
Collective guilt2can be experienced when people are
confronted with the harmful actions done by their in6
group against an out6group, and is more likely when
actions are seen as illegitimate
"an People Fearn to +ay 4)o5 to +tereotypes<

1
People can learn to rely less on stereotypes by
repeatedly negating them.
+ocial !nfluence as a /ay to 9educe Preudice

1
People?s racial attitudes are affected by social
influence.
Fowering the in6group?s endorsement of preudice can

reduce preudice in bigoted people.

1
>ow can parents who are not preudiced make sure
that their children do not learn to be preudiced
through their interactions with people who are
bigoted<
1
/hat are ways to increase contact between groups<
/hat characteristics should this increased contact have<

1
/hich strategies to reduce preudice seem plausible
and which seem difficult to implement<
/hy<

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Chapter 6

The )ature and *rigins of +tereotyping,

Preudice and ,iscrimination: -eelings

/hy Preudice !s )ot !nevitable:

+tereotyping: (eliefs 'bout +ocial .roups

These mental categories affect the processing of social information.

"ontain both positive and negative traits and convey status

.ender stereotypes and differential respect

're gender stereotypes accurate<

/hy do People -orm and =se +tereotypes<

"hange may result when the relationships between groups and

"hange may result if in6group favoritism becomes socially unacceptable

+hat are your thoughts, +hat are your thoughts,

-re.udice2negative attitudes toward members

!nformation consistent with preudiced attitudes is given

&ncidental feelings @irrelevant to groupA of anger can

Threat to self6esteem or group interests

"ompetition for scarce resources

+elf6categoriBation as a member of a group and

>olding preudiced attitudes toward an out6group allows people

/ealistic Conflict Theory @(obo, 3CD;A2view that

People easily divide the social world into us @the in(

>ow does social categoriBation result in preudice<

5iscrimination2differential usually negative"

6odern racism3more subtle beliefs than blatant feelings of

4(ogus Pipeline5 procedure involves deceiving participants

8ost methods that measure implicit attitudes are based on

"onse0uences of #xposure to *thers? Preudice

People who hold preudiced attitudes are more likely to

'rgue that it is not the group as a whole that is

8inimiBe the magnitude of the harm done

FegitimiBe the harm that was done

Perceive the abuse as serving the nation?s higher

+hat are your thoughts,

>ow does it originate in people<

!f so, what are examples< !f not, why not<

*n Fearning )ot To >ate

"hildren learn negative attitudes by hearing parents and other

,irect experience with people of other groups also influences

The Potential (enefits of "ontact

!ncreased contact can decrease preudice by increasing

Positive contact that involves cooperation and

/ecategori%ation2shifts in the boundaries

This can happen when groups work together to

The (enefits of .uilt for Preudice 9eduction

"an People Fearn to +ay 4)o5 to +tereotypes<

+ocial !nfluence as a /ay to 9educe Preudice

Fowering the in6group?s endorsement of preudice can

+hat are your thoughts,

/hat characteristics should this increased contact have<

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