Mathematics

Session
Hyperbola
Session - 2
Session Objectives
Session Objectives
1. Equation of chord joining two points on the
hyperbola
2. Equation of chord whose mid-point is given
3. Equation of pair of tangents from an external
point
4. Equation of chord of contact
5. Asymptotes of hyperbola
6. Rectangular hyperbola
7. Equation of rectangular hyperbola referred to
its asymptotes as the axes of coordinates
8. Director circle
Equation of the Chord Joining Two

Points on the Hyperbola =1
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
The equation of the chord joining two
points

on the hyperbola is
( ) ( )
u u u u
1 1 2 2
P asec , btan and Q asec , btan
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
( )
u u
u = u
u u
2 1
1 1
2 1
btan btan
y btan x asec
asec asec
which reduces to
1 2 1 2 1 2
x y
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
u u u + u u + u
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Equation of Chord whose Mid-
Point is Given
Equation of chord of the hyperbola

whose middle point is


is given by
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
( )
1 1
x , y
=
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
xx yy x y
1 1
a b a b

1 1
2 2
xx yy
i.e. , where T 1
a b
1
T = S
=
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
x y
S 1
a b
Equation of Pair of Tangents From
and External Point
Equation of pair of tangents from the

point to the hyperbola


is
( )
1 1
x , y
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
| | | |
| |
=
| |
|
| |
\ .
\ .\ .
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y xx yy x y
1 1 1
a b a b a b
i.e. , where
2
1
SS T =

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
xx yy x y x y
T 1, S 1, S 1
a b a b a b
Equation Chord of Contact
Equation of chord of contact of point

with respect to the hyperbola

is , i.e. T = 0
( )
1 1
x , y
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
=
1 1
2 2
xx yy
1 0
a b
Asymptotes of Hyperbola
An asymptote is a straight line, which
meets the conic in two points both of
which are situated at an infinite distance,
but which is itself not altogether
(entirely) at infinity.
To Find the Equation of the
Asymptotes of the Hyperbola

2 2
2 2
x y
=1
a b
Let the straight line
y = mx + c ... (i)
meet the given hyperbola in points,
whose abscissae are given by the
equation
( )
+
=
2
2
2 2
mx c
x
1
a b
or ... (ii)
( ) ( )
+ =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x b a m 2a mcx a c b 0
To Find the Equation of the
Asymptotes of the Hyperbola

2 2
2 2
x y
=1
a b
If the straight line (i) be an asymptote,
both roots of equation (ii) must be infinite.

Hence, the coefficients of x
2
and x in the
equation (ii) must be zero.

We have = =
2 2 2 2
b a m 0 and a mc 0
Hence, and c = 0 =
b
m
a
To Find the Equation of the
Asymptotes of the Hyperbola

2 2
2 2
x y
=1
a b
Substituting the values of m

and c in

y = mx + c, we get
=
b
y x
a
, i.e.
+ = =
x y x y
0 and 0
a b a b
The combined equation of the

asymptotes is
2 2
2 2
x y
0
a b
=
X
Y
X
Y
O
x
a
2
2
= 1
y
b
2
2
A
s
y
m
p
t
o
t
e
s

x
a
2
2
= 1
y
b
2
2
A
s
y
m
p
t
o
t
e
s

Points to Remember
i. A hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola
have the same asymptotes.
ii. The equation of the pair of asymptotes
differ the hyperbola and the conjugate
hyperbola by the same constant only, i.e
Hyperbola Asymptotes = Asymptotes Conjugate Hyperbola
| | | | | | | |
= +
| | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y x y x y
1 1
a b a b a b a b
iii. The asymptotes pass through the centre of hyperbola.
iv. The bisectors of the angles between the asymptotes of the

hyperbola are the coordinate axes (or axes of the

hyperbola).
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
Points to Remember
v. As we know that combined equation of

asymptotes is and equation


of hyperbola is
=
2 2
2 2
x y
0
a b
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1.
a b
Equation of pair of asymptotes and equation
of hyperbola differ by a constant only. (Important)

Rectangular Hyperbola or
Equilateral Hyperbola
A hyperbola whose asymptotes are at
right angles to each other is called a
rectangular hyperbola.
The equations of asymptotes of the hyperbola

are given by
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
=
b
y x.
a
The angle between two asymptotes is given by
| |

|
\ .
u = = =
| |

+

|
\ .
2 2 2
2
b b
2b
2ab a a
a
tan
b b
b a b
1
1
a a
a
Rectangular Hyperbola or
Equilateral Hyperbola
If the asymptotes are at right angles,

then
t
u = =
2 2
tan a b 0
2
= = a b 2a 2b
Thus, the transverse and conjugate axes
of a rectangular hyperbola are equal.

=
2 2 2
The equation of rectangular hyperbola is x y a .
=
The equation of the asymptotes of the rectangular
hyperbola are y x.
Cor: Eccentricity of rectangular hyperbola is
2.
Equation of the Rectangular Hyperbola
Referred to its Asymptotes as the
Axes of Coordinates
Referred to the transverse and conjugate
axes as the axes of coordinates, the
equation of the rectangular hyperbola is
=
2 2 2
x y a ... (i)
The equation of asymptotes of the hyperbola (i) is

Each of these two asymptotes is inclined at an angle

of with the transverse axis.
= y x.
t
4
Equation of the Rectangular Hyperbola
Referred to its Asymptotes as the
Axes of Coordinates
Now rotating the axes through an angle in

clockwise direction, keeping the origin fixed,
then the axes coincide with the asymptotes

of the hyperbola and
t
4
t t +
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
X Y
x Xcos Ysin
4 4
2
t t
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .
Y X
and y Xsin Ycos
4 4
2
Putting the values of x and y in (i), we get
+ | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2
X Y Y X
a
2 2
Equation of the Rectangular Hyperbola
Referred to its Asymptotes as the
Axes of Coordinates
=
2
a
XY
2
= =
2
2 2
a
XY c where c
2
X
Y
X
Y
O
This is the transformed equation
of rectangular hyperbola (i).
Thus, equation of rectangular
hyperbola when its asymptotes
taken as coordinate axes is
2
xy c . =
Cor: If equation of a rectangular
hyperbola be then
equation of its conjugate
hyperbola will be
=
2
xy c ,
2
xy c . =
Parametric Form of Rectangular
Hyperbola xy = c
2
If t is non-zero variable, the coordinates of
any point on the rectangular hyperbola

xy = c
2
can be written
| |
|
\ .
c
ct, .
t
The point is also called point t.
| |
|
\ .
c
ct,
t
Equation of Chord Joining Points t
1
and t
2

The equation of the chord joining two

points and of hyperbola




xy = c
2
is
| |
|
\ .
1
1
c
ct ,
t
| |
|
\ .
2
2
c
ct ,
t
( )

2 1
1
1 2 1
c c
t t c
y x ct
t ct ct
( )
1 2 1 2
x t t y c t t + = +
This is the required equation of chord.
Equation of Tangent in Different Forms
(i) Equation of tangent in point form
of the hyperbola xy = c
2
2
1 1
xy x y 2c + =
(ii)Equation of tangent in parametric form

x
yt 2c
t
+ =
Equation Normal in Different Forms
(i) Equation of normal in point form

2 2
1 1 1 1
xx yy x y =
Equation Normal in Parametric Forms
(i) Equation of normal in parametric
form

+ =
3 4
xt yt ct c 0

Note: The equation of normal at is a

fourth degree equation in t. Therefore, in general
four normal can be drawn from a point to the
hyperbola xy = c
2
.
| |
|
\ .
c
ct,
t
Point of Intersection of Tangents at
t
1
and t
2
to the Hyperbola xy = c
2

The equations to the tangents at the
points t
1
and t
2
are
+ = + =
1 2
1 2
x x
yt 2c and yt 2c
t t
By solving these equations, we get point of
intersection of tangents.
Coordinates of point of intersection of tangents

at t
1
and t
2
is .

| |
|
+ +
\ .
1 2
1 2 1 2
2ct t 2c
,
t t t t
Director Circle
The locus of intersection of tangents
which are at right angles is called
director circle of Hyperbola.
To find the locus of the point of intersection
of tangents which meet at right angles.
=
2 2
2 2
x y
Let equation of hyperbola is 1 ...(i)
a b
= +
2 2 2
Any tangent to the hyperbola is y mx a m b ...(ii)
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2 2
1 1
and its perpendicular tangent is y x a b ... (iii)
m m
Director Circle
Let (h, k) be their point of intersection.
We have
=
2 2 2
k mh a m b ... (iv)
+ =
2 2 2
and mk h a b m ... (v)
[By putting the value of (h, k) in equations (iii) and (iv)]
If between (iv) and (v), we eliminate m, we shall have
a relation between h and k, i.e. locus of (h, k).

Squaring and adding these equations, we get
( ) ( )
+ + = +
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
k mh mk h a m b a b m
Director Circle
( )( ) ( )( )
+ + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2
k h 1 m a b 1 m
+ =
2 2 2 2
h k a b
Locus of (h, k) is

+ =
2 2 2 2
x y a b
This is the equation of director circle, whose centre

is origin and radius is

2 2
a b .
Class Test
Class Exercise - 1
If the chord through the points


on the hyperbola passes

through a focus, prove that
( ) ( )
u u | | asec , btan and a sec , btan
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
u |
=
+
1 e
tan tan .
2 2 1 e
Solution
The equation of the chord joining is
u | u + | u + |
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
x y
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
If it passes through the focus (ae, 0), then
u | u + |
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
ecos cos
2 2
u |
| |
|
\ .
=
u + |
| |
|
\ .
cos
1 2
e
cos
2
By componendo and dividendo,
u | u + |
| | | |
+
| |
+
\ . \ .
=
u | u + | | | | |

| |
\ . \ .
cos cos
1 e 2 2
1 e
cos cos
2 2
u | +
=

1 e
cot cot
2 2 1 e
u |
=
+
1 e
tan tan
2 2 1 e
[Proved]
Class Exercise - 2
Chords of the hyperbola
touch the parabola Prove that
the locus of their middle points is the
curve
=
2 2 2
x y a
=
2
y 4ax.
( )
=
2 3
y x a x .
Solution
If (h, k) be the mid-point of the chord,
then the equation of the chord is T= S
1
,
=
2 2 2 2
i.e. xh yk a h k a
=
2 2
i.e. xh yk h k
( )

= +
2 2
k h
h
y x = mx + c [Say]
k k
If it touches the parabola y
2
= 4ax, then
=
a
c
m
[Condition for tangency for any line
y = mx + c to the parabola]
Solution contd..
( )
=
2 2 2
ak h k h
Locus of (h, k) is
( )
=
2 2 2
ay x y x
( )
=
2 3
i.e. y x a x .

=
2 2
k h ak
k h
Class Exercise - 3
Find the point of intersection of
tangents drawn to the hyperbola

at the points where it

is intersected by the line
lx + my + n = 0.
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
Solution
Let (h, k) be the required point.
Equation of chord of contact drawn
from (h, k) to the hyperbola is
T = 0
=
2 2
xh yk
i.e. 1 0 ... (i)
a b
The given line is
lx + my + n = 0 ... (ii)
Equations (i) and (ii) represent same line

= =
2 2
h k 1
n a l b m
Solution contd..
=
2
a l
h
n
=
2
b m
k
n

Coordinates of the required point

| |
=
|
\ .
2 2
a l b m
,
m n
Class Exercise - 4
Prove that the product of the
perpendiculars from any point

on the hyperbola to its


asymptotes is equal to
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+
2 2
2 2
a b
.
a b
Solution
Let be any point on

the hyperbola
( )
u u a sec , b tan
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1.
a b
The equation of the asymptotes of the

given hyperbola are = + =
x y x y
0 and 0
a b a b
=
1
p
Length of perpendicular from
( )
u u =
x y
a sec , btan on 0
a b
u u
=
+
2 2
sec tan
1 1
a b
Solution contd
=
2
p Length of perpendicular from
( )
u u a sec , btan + =
x y
on 0
a b
u + u
=
+
2 2
sec tan
1 1
a b
| |
u u
= =
+
+
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
sec tan a b
p p Pr oved
1 1
a b
a b
Class Exercise - 5
The asymptotes of a hyperbola are
parallel to lines 2x + 3y = 0 and
3x + 2y = 0. The hyperbola has
its centre at (1, 2) and it passes
through (5, 3). Find its equation.
Solution
Asymptotes are parallel to lines
2x + 3y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0
Equations of asymptotes are
2x + 3y + k
1
= 0 and 3x + 2y + k
2
= 0
As we know that asymptotes passes through the centre
of the hyperbola.
Here centre of hyperbola is (1, 2).
+ + = + + =
1 2
2 6 k 0 and 3 4 k 0
= =
1 2
k 8, k 7
Solution contd..
The equations of asymptotes are
2x + 3y 8 = 0 and 3x + 2y 7 = 0
Equation of hyperbola is
(2x + 3y 8) (3x + 2y 7) + c = 0
It passes through (5, 3).
( ) ( )
+ + + = 10 9 8 15 6 7 c 0 = c 154
Equation of hyperbola is
(2x + 3y 8)(3x + 2y 7) 154 = 0
i.e. 6x
2
+ 13xy + 6y
2
38x 37y 98 = 0
Class Exercise - 6
The chord PP of a rectangular
hyperbola meets asymptotes in
Q and Q. Show QP = PQ.
Solution
Let equation of rectangular hyperbola
is xy = c
2
.

| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .
1
1
c c
Coordinates of P ct, and P ct ,
t t
Equation of chord PP is
( )
+ + =
1 1
x ytt c t t 0
It meets asymptotes, i.e. axes at Q and Qrespectively.
( )
( +

1
Putting y = 0, Q c t t , 0
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
1
1 1
and putting x = 0, Q 0, c
t t
Solution contd..
( )
| |
+
|
\ .
2
2
1
c
Now PQ ct ct ct
t
= +
2
1
2
1
c t
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
2 2
1
1 1
c c c
PQ c t
t t t
= +
2
1
2
1
c t
t
= PQ PQ [Proved]
Class Exercise - 7
The normal at the three points P, Q, R
on a rectangular hyperbola, intersect
at a point S on the curve. Prove that
centre of the hyperbola is the centroid
of APQR.
Solution
Let equation of the rectangular hyperbola
is xy = c
2
.
Let t be the parameter of any of points P, Q,
R so that normal is ... (i)
It passes through a point S on the hyperbola.

Let coordinates of point
| |

|
\ .
c
S ct,
t
( )
+ =
3 4
c
From i ctt .t ct c 0
t
( ) ( )
+ + =
3 3
t
t t 1 t t 1 0
t
Solution contd..
( )
| |
+ =
|
\ .
3
t
t t 1 1 0
t
+ =
3
t t 1 0
(Remember this result)
This is a cubic equation in t, and gives us the
parameters of the three points P, Q, R, say
1 2 3
t , t , t .
(
+ + = =

2
1 2 3
t t t 0 Coeff of t 0
| |
E
+ + = = =
1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
t t 1 1 1
and 0 Coeff of t 0
t t t t t t
If (h, k) is the centroid of , APQR
( )
+ +
= =
1 2 3
c t t t
h 0
3
Solution contd..
| |
+ +
|
\ .
= =
1 2 3
1 1 1
c
t t t
k 0
3
Hence, centroid is (0, 0) which is centre of the hyperbola.
Class Exercise - 8
A rectangular hyperbola whose centre
is C is cut by any circle of radius r in
four points P, Q, R and S. Prove that
+ + + =
2 2 2 2 2
CP CQ CR CS 4r .
Solution
Let the equation of rectangular hyperbola
is xy = k
2
... (i)
and equation of circle is
+ + + + =
2 2
x y 2gx 2fy c 0 ... (ii)
where ... (iii) + =
2 2 2
g f c r
Eliminating y between equations (i) and (ii), we get
+ + + + =
4 2
2
2
k k
x 2gx 2f c 0
x x
+ + + + =
4 3 2 2 4
x 2gx cx 2fk x k 0
Solution contd..
This is biquadratic equation in x, which
gives us the abscissae of the four points
of intersection.
Let x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
are the roots of the equation.
+ + + = E =
1 2 3 4 1 2
x x x x 2g, x x c
( )
+ + + = + + + E
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
x x x x x x x x 2 x x
=
2
4g 2c
Similarly, eliminating x from (i) and (ii), we get
+ + + =
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
y y y y 4f 2c
Solution contd..
+ + +
2 2 2 2
CP CQ CR CS
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
x y x y x y x y
= E + E
2 2
1 1
x y
(
= +

2 2
4 g f c
=
2
4r [Pr oved]
Class Exercise - 9
Prove that the locus of the mid-points
of the chords of the hyperbola

which pass through a fixed

point is a hyperbola whose

centre is
=
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
( )
o | ,
o |
| |
|
\ .
, .
2 2
Solution
Let (h, k) be the coordinates of mid-point
of the chord.
Equation of chord is T = S
1
=
2 2
2 2 2 2
hx ky h k
1 1
a b a b
=
2 2
2 2 2 2
hx ky h k
a b a b
It passes through a fixed point .
( )
o | ,
o |
=
2 2
2 2 2 2
h k h k
a b a b
Solution contd..
Locus of (h, k) is
| | | |
o |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2
x x y y
0
a b
( )
o |
| | | |

| |
| |
o |
\ . \ .
= =
|
\ .
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 4 4
x y
1 2 2
c say
4 a b a b
This is an equation of hyperbola whose centre is
o |
| |
|
\ .
, [Pr oved]
2 2
Class Exercise - 10
From a point, tangents to the
rectangular hyperbola
are drawn and they intersect each
other at an angle of 45
o
. Prove that
the locus of the point is the curve
=
2 2 2
x y a
( ) ( )
+ + =
2
2 2 2 2 2 4
x y 4a x y 4a .
Solution
Here equation of rectangular hyperbola is
=
2 2 2
x y a
... (i)
Equation of any tangent to this hyperbola is
= +
2 2 2
y mx a m a
If it is passes through (h, k), then
( )
=
2
2 2 2
k mh a m a
( ) ( )
+ + =
2 2 2 2 2
m h a 2mkh k a 0
Let m
1
, m
2
be the roots of the above equation,
which gives the slopes of two tangents passing
through (h, k).
Solution contd..
+
+ = =

2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
2kh k a
m m and mm
h a h a
Given that angle between two tangents are 45
o
.

=
+
1 2
1 2
m m
tan45
1 m m
( ) ( )
= +
2 2
1 2 1 2
m m 1 mm
( ) ( )
+ = +
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
m m 4mm 1 mm
( )
( )
( )
+
(
+
= +
(

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
4 k a
4h k k a
1
h a
h a
h a
( )( ) ( )
(
+ = +

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 h k h a k a h k
Locus of (h, k) is
( ) ( )
+ + =
2
2 2 2 2 2 4
x y 4a x y 4a [Pr oved]
Thank you