COURSE 1

MATERIALS SCIENCE
Prof.Dr.Eng. Brndua GHIBAN
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Materials. Classification
Crystalline structure
CONTACT DATA:
Prof.Dr.Eng. Brndua GHIBAN
Departament METALLIC MATERIALS SCIENCE, PHYSICAL METALLURGY
Consultation: HALL JK 114, THURSDAY 10-12
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ACTIVITATY during SEMESTRY
Final
VERIFICA-
TION
Note
presence
course

5p
Note access
moodle
platform

10p
Note
laboratory
presence

0
Note
course
manuscript

5p
Note
Laboratory
colloquium

20p
Note
semestry
evaluation

20p
40 points
60 points
STUDENTS EVALUATION
MATERIALS SCIENCE
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is an interdisciplinary science at the border between
mathematics -physics- chemistry- technique, dealing
with complex characterization of materials, the study
of correlations, functional links between chemical
composition, structure, properties, technology
(design, machining, heat treatment) and technical
use of the materials in order to establish laws, rules,
criteria and models that will produce materials with
predetermined properties (design materials),
optimum selection of material for a rational and
scientific substantiation of materials technology.
Materials define the development of human society
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EXAMPLE OF EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS
USED IN AERO GAS TURBINES
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Utilization of the materials
depends on the properties,
resources, cost price,
workability and compatibility
with the environment
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MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
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Organic Materials
(carbon, hidrogen, oxigen, nitrogen)
Inorganic Materials
Simple
Complexe (salts, oxides, halides)
After chemical
composition
After the state of
aggregation
MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Interatomic Bonds
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Ionic Bond
Typically, the metal has a 1,2,3 electron valence shell, and has a non-
metallic 5, 6, 7, electrons in the valence shell. Steady state occurs through
the sharing of electrons in the valence shell. Solid materials with Ionic
bonds are :

Hard materials
Insulating substances,
Transparent
Brittle,
High melting point
Covalent bonds
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Covalent bonds occur between atoms of metals. They have four or more
electrons to the valence layer. To form a new connection would require
very high energy, either for extraction or for adding a new electron. Steady
state occurs through the sharing of electrons in the valence shell. The
solids that are covalent :

Hard materials
Good insulation
Transparent
Brittle, deformable
Metallic Bonds
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The metallic bonds may appear between the metal atoms. These materials have three
valence shell electrons. When an item has a 1,2,3 valence electrons per layer, the link
established is very poor (e.g aluminum). The connection is formed between a lot of
metal atoms, creating a "cloud of electrons" as a negative value and "frame", with a
positive valence. Solid materials with metallic bonds are
Bohr Model for metal
Good electrical and thermal conductor
Opaque
Relatively ductile
VAN DER WAALS BONDS
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Van der Waals bonds occur, with few exceptions, in all materials, but
usually in plastics and polymers. These materials have very long
molecular chains, link atomic carbon and other atoms, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine. Covalent bonds between the molecules are
very strong and break under extreme conditions. Polymers can be
classified as behavior heating :

Thermoplastic polymers which
soften or liquefy the hot
Thermoset polymers with irreversible
reaction,
Elastomers, with intermediate
behavior.
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MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
After the nature of the
atomic bonds
Metallic Materials
Ceramic Materials
Polymeric Materials
Composite Materials
Metallic Materials
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Very good thermal and electrical conductivity,
Good deformability,
Excellent ferromagnetic properties,
Hardening capacity by applying heat treatments.
CERAMIC MATERIALS
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Good optical properties,
Good thermal insulation,
High melting temperature,
Relatively inert in contact with molten metal,
Piezoelectric behavior and the ability to convert into electricity.
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
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Excellent ductility, with high capacity to form flexible films,
Good electrical insulators,
High resistance to corrosion in aqueous solutions
(moisture resistance).
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
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Metallic
materials

Organic
polymeric
materials
Ceramic
materials
Composite
Polymer matrix
composites reinforced
with metal
Polymer matrix
composites reinforced
with ceramics
Metal matrix
composites reinforced
with ceramics
consist of a matrix of soft material (plastic, tenacious,
ductile) which includes a hard and brittle material
filling (in the form of blades, isolated fibers or
particles).
1 + 1 = 3
Materials Structure
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Structure represents the internal architecture of a
materials system by its parts of components.
(Structure may be observed with naked eye or with glass
eye)
1. Macrostructure > 10
-2
cm
(Type and proportion of constituents observed by optic
microscope)
2. Microstructure, 10
-8
10
-1
cm
(Type of crystalline lattice observed by electron microscope)
3. Crystalline structure, 10
-8
10
-1
cm
(Type or chemical bond realized with valence electron of the
atoms,observed by electron microscope)
4. Atomic structure, 10
-8
cm
(Number, cuantic numbers, electron distribution in layers,
sublayers and orbitals observed by X-Rays)
5. Electronic structure of the atoms, 10
-8
cm
(Nature and number of nuclear particles observed by X-Rays)
6. Nuclear structure, 10
-13
cm
SCALE OF MATERLS FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY
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Length scale showing the nanometre in context. The length scale at the top ranges from 1m to 10
-10
m, and
illustrates the size of a football compared to a carbon 60 (C
60
) molecule, also known as a buckyball. For
comparison the world is approximately one hundred million times larger than a football, which is in turn one
hundred million times larger than a buckyball. The section from 10
-7
m (100nm) to 10
-9
m (1nm) is expanded below.
The length scale of interest for nanoscience and nanotechnologies is from 100nm down to the atomic scale -
approximately 0.2nm.
Crystalline structure of metals and alloys
Crystalline structure and metallic bond represent the most important and decisive
characteristic of the metallic materials, main physical-chemical properties, respectively
mechanical characteristics being influenced by them.
The lower portion of a space lattice which store the symmetry of the entire
network is unit cell. The unit cell is defined by its parameters, which are the vectors a,
b and c (unit cell edge) and angle (between b and c), angle (between a and c) and
angle (between a and b).
Dimensional periodic repetition of the unit cell leads to obtaining of the network
space, on whose regularity and symmetry properties relies almost all metals.
Unit cell
Orderly arrangement of atoms in a real crystal is its crystalline structure;
symmetry of the crystal structure corresponds to the spatial network structure, but it
must be noted that the atoms do not occupy those positions in complete immobility,
but it vibrates (oscillates) around these positions, which leads to the real crystals with
many imperfections.
Space lattice
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Main elements which characterize the crystalline lattice
1. Lattice parameter (a,b,c,)
represents the distance
between the centers of two
atoms imaginary neighbors
leading edge of the network
2. ,, angles they make
between them and edges of
the unit cell with lattice
parameters that determine the
crystal system
c w b v a u r

+ + =
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3. DIRECTIONS OF HIGH DENSITY IN ATOMS
Miller index - for directions are <110>, <111>,
- for family directions are [110] [111].
Crystalline direction is defined through three index (u,v,w), which
represent the smallest entire coordinates of a vector which pass
through origin of the axes of a cell and is parallel with the crystalline
direction.
those directions in which two or more atoms
are tangent between them.
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Notation for - atomic planes are (111), (100), etc.
- and of planes family {111}, {100}, etc.
Crystallographic plane is defined by the indices h, k, l, which represents
the inverse value of the full segments which form the intersection of the
plane with the coordinate axes.
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4. Planes with high atomic density {111}
those planes formed by atoms that have the
most compact settlement (the most compact
planes are those in which each atom is
surrounded by six atoms willing hexagonal.
Represent the number of atoms which
are at a minimum distance of a given
atom. With the increasing amount of
coordination number, atomic radius
increases.
C = 12 atoms
C= 8 atoms
C = 12 atoms
5. Coordination number, C,
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FCC
BCC
HC
6. Number of atoms A , which belong to a unit cell
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FCC
BCC
HC
7. Close-packed factor
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cell unit of volum
atom of volume cell unit per atoms of number ) )( (
= q
% 52 100 .
3
8
3
.
3
4
= =
r
r t
q
% 68 100 .
3
.
3
3
4
3
.
3
4
. 2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
r
r t
q
% 74 100 .
3
.
3
) 2 2 (
3
.
3
4
. 4
= =
r
r t
q
Simple Cube
Body cubic centered
Face cubic centered
The main crystalline systems
Cristalline system Crystalline parameters Cristalline lattice
Angles Distances
Cube o = | = 90 a = b = c Cubic simpl
Cubic cu volum centrat (CVC)
Cubiccu fee centrate (CFC)
Tetragonal o = | = = 90 a = b = c Tetragonal simpl
Tetragonal cu volum centrat (TVC)
Orthorombic o = | = = 90 a = b = c Simple Orthorombic
Body centered orthorombic
Base centered orthorombic
Face centered orthorombic
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Cristalline system Crystalline parameters Cristalline lattice
Angles Distances
Rombohedric o = | = = 90 a = b = c Simple Rombohedric
Hexagonal
o = | = 90
= 120
a = b = c Simple Hexagonal
Compact Hexagonal (HC)
Monoclinic o = | = 90 = a = b = c Simple monoclinic
Base centered monoclinic
Triclinic o = | = = 90 a = b = c Simple triclinic
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BCC
Unit cells for the most frequent metals:
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FCC
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Unit cells for the most frequent metals:
HC
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Unit cells for the most frequent metals: