RADIATIVE TRANSFER

BETWEEN TWO OR MORE

SURFACES
Prepared by
Nurhaslina bt che radzi
FKK, UITM

RADIATIVE TRANSFER BETWEEN TWO OR

MORE SURFACES
This chapter focus on radiative exchange between two or more
surfaces.
This exchange depends strongly on the surface geometries and
orientations as well as on their radiative properties and
temperatures.
To compute radiation exchange between any two surfaces, the
concept of a view factor must first introduce.

VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

The view factor Fij is defined as the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that is
intercepted by surface j
For radiation exchange between two surfaces of areas Ai and Aj, the view factors are
related by reciprocity relation :
AiFij = AjFji
An example might be the floor and ceiling of a room
the view factor, F12 :
A2
F12 = fraction of energy
leaving A1 reaching A2
A1
A1F12 = A2F21
For an enclosure consisting of N surfaces, the view factor are related by summation
rule :
N
Fij = 1
j=1

For all radiant leaving the inner surface (1) must reach the outer surface (2), the view
factor are related by inspection:
F12 = 1
For several common geometries, view factors may be determined using Table 13.1 and
13.2 and Figure 13.4 through 13.6.

* concave surface, it see itself

Fii 0
* convex/plane surface
Fii = 0

Consider a simple, two surfaces enclosure involving the spherical

surfaces
To calculate radiation exchange in an enclosure of N surface a total
of N2 view factors is needed
N2 = 22 = 4 view factors
F11 , F12 , F21 , F22
A1

A2

From figure, since all radiation leaving the inner surface (1) must
reach the outer surface (2), by inspection:
F12 = 1 or by summation rule F11 + F12 = 1
F11 = 0
F12 = 1

 From the reciprocity relation,

A1F12 = A2F21
F21 = A1 F12
A2
F21 = A1
A2
From the summation rule,
F21 + F22 = 1
F22 = 1 F21
= 1 F21
= 1 A1/A2
Additive rule for view factor relation
n
n
Fij = Fik
AjF(j)I = AkFki
k=1

k=1

Aj = Ak
k=1

Example - PROBLEM 13.1

Determine F12 and F21 for the following configurations using the
reciprocity theorem and other basic shape factor relations. Do not use
table or charts
a) Long duct (L)

b) Small sphere of area A1 under a concentric hemisphere of area A2 = 2A1

c) Long duct. What is F22 for this case?

d) Long inclined plates (point B is directly above the center of A1)

e) Sphere lying on infinite plane

f) Hemisphere disk arrangement

g) Long open channel (L)

h) Long concentric cylinders (L)

D1

D2

A1
A2

Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse,

Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure
Analyzing radiation exchange in an enclosure is assumed to be
isothermal and to be characterized by a uniform radiosity and a
uniform irradiation

Net radiation Exchange at a Surface

The term qi , which is the net rate at which radiation leaves surface i,
represents the net effect of radiative interactions occuring at the
JiAi
GiAi
surface
qi

The net radiation may be expressed as

qi = Ai (Ji Gi)
(1)

Ji = Radiosity
= Ei + iGi
The net radiation may also be expressed as
qi = Ai(Ei iGi)
(2)
Ei = Emissive power
Gi = Absorbed irradiation
For an opaque surface ,

Ji = iEbi + (1 i)Gi
qi = Ai Ji Ji iEbi
1 - i
qi = Ebi- Ji
,
(1 i)/ iAi

i = 1 - i
i = 1 - i
= 1 - i

i = absorptivity
i = emmisivity
i = reflectivity

Ebi Ji = driving potential

(3)
(1 i) = surface radiative resistance
i Ai

for black surface , i = 1

* (1 - i ) = 0
iAi
* Ji = Ebi
blackbody radiation exchange

Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces

To determine surface radiosity, Ji , it is necessary to consider
radiation exchange between the surfaces of the enclosure
From reciprocity relation :
N
AiGi = AiFijJj
j=1
N
qi = Ai (Ji - FijJj)
(4)
j=1
From theN summation rule,
N
qi = Ai (Fij Ji - FijJj)
N j=1
j=1
N
qi = Ai Fij (Jj Jj) = qij
(5)
j=1
j=1
Jj Jj = driving potential
(Ai Fij )-1 = space/geometrical resistance

 Combining equations (3) and (5)

N
Ebi Ji
= Ji Jj
j=1
(1 i)/ iAi
(AiFij)-1
N

qi = Ji Jj
j=1
(AiFij)-1

Blackbody Radiation Exchange

Equation (5) reduces to
N
qi = AiFij (Ti4 Tj4)
j=1

When all surfaces of the enclosure are black, there is no reflection

and radiosity is composed solely of the emitted energy

BLACKBODY RADIATION EXCHANGE

Consider radiation exchange between two black surfaces of arbitrary
shape
nj
ni

Jj = Ebj

Ji = Ebi

A i , Ti

A j , Tj

Defining qi j as the rate at which radiation leaves surfaces i and is

intercepted by surface j
qi j = (Ai Ji)Fij
for black surface , Ji = Ebi
qi j = AiFij Ebi
qj i = AjFji Ebj

 The net radiative exchange between the two surface is

qij = qi j - qj i
= AiFij Ebi - AjFji Ebj
from Stefan Boltzman Law : Eb = T4 and
from Reciprocity Relation : AiFij = AjFji
The net rate at which radiation leaves surface i and intercepted by
surface j may be defined as

qij = AiFij (Ti4 Tj4)

RPOBLEM 13.7
Consider the right-circular cylinder of diameter D, length L and
the areas A1 , A2 and A3 representing the base, inner and top
surfaces
a)

Show that the view factor form F12= 2H[(1 + H2)1/2 H] , where
H = L/D

b)

Show that the view factor for the inner surface to itself has the
form F22 = 1 + H (1 + H2)1/2

PROBLEM 13.8
Consider the parallel rectangles shown schematically. Show that the
view factor F12 can be expressed as
F12 = 1 [A(14) F(14)(23) - A1F13 - A4F42]
2Ai
where all view factors on the right-hand side of the eqn. Can be
evaluated from Figure 13.4 (see Table 13.2) for aligned parallel
rectangles.

PROBLEM 13.10
The reciprocity relation, the summation rule and Equations 13.5
to 13.7 can be used to develop view factor relations that allow for
applications of Figure 13.4 and/or Figure 13.6 to more complex
configurations. Consider the view factor F14 for surfaces 1 and 4 of
the following geometry. These surfaces are perpendicular but do
not share a common edge.
a)

Obtain the following expression for the view factor F14 :

F14 = 1 [(A1+A2)F(12)(34) + A2F23 (A1+A2)F(12)3 A2F(2)(34)]

b)

If L1 = L2 =L4 = w/2 and L3 = w , what is the value of F14

PROBLEM 13.11

a)
b)

Determine the shape factor, F12 for the rectangles shown

Perpendicular rectangles without a common edge
Parallel rectangles of unequal areas
(x)

(z) 6m

(y) 6m

3m

6m

Figure 13.6

PROBLEM 13.30

Two plane coaxial disks are separated by a distance L = 0.20m. The

lower disks (A1) is solid with a diameter Do = 0.80m and a temp. T1
= 300K. The upper disk (A2) at temp. T2 = 1000K has the same outer
diameter but is ring shaped withan inner diameter Di = 0.40m.
Assuming the disks to be blackbody, calculate the net radiative heat
exchange between them.