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Thermodynamics is the
study of the motion of heat
energy as it is transferred
from the system to the
surrounding or from the
surrounding to the system.
The transfer of heat could be due to
a physical change or a chemical
change.
There are three laws of chemical
thermodynamics.
CHEMICAL
THERMODYMANICS
The first law of thermodynamics:
Energy and matter can be neither created nor destroyed;
only transformed from one form to another. The energy
and matter of the universe is constant.
The second law of thermodynamics:
In any spontaneous process there is always an increase in
the entropy of the universe. The entropy is increasing.
The third law of thermodynamics:
The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero.
There is no molecular motion at absolute 0 K.
HEAT
The energy that flows into or out of a
system because of a difference in
temperature between the thermodynamic
system and its surrounding.
Symbolized by "q".
HEAT FLOW
Heat can flow in one of two directions:
Exothermic
To give off heat; energy is lost from the
system: (-q)
Endothermic
To absorb heat; energy is added to the
system: (+q)
HEAT OF REACTION
q = DH
at constant pressure
HEAT OF COMBUSTION
The quantity of heat energy given off when
a specified amount of substance burns in
oxygen.
UNITS: kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) or kcal/mol (kilocalories per mole)
q = Cp DT
SPECIFIC HEAT: The quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one degree
Celsius (or one Kelvin).
q = s x m x DT
Both Cp & s are chemical specific constants found in the textbook or CRC
Handbook.
1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: This conversion correlates to the specific heat of water
which is 1 cal/g oC or 4.184 J/g oC.
SPECIFIC HEAT
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
The law of conservation of energy (the
first law of thermodynamics), when
related to heat transfer between two
objects, can be stated as:
The heat lost by the hot object = the heat
gained by the cold object
-qhot = qcold
-mh x sh x DTh = mc x sc x DTc
where DT = Tfinal - Tinitial
m = 713 g
PRACTICE PROBLEM #7
1. Iron metal has a specific heat of 0.449 J/goC. How much heat is
transferred to a 5.00 g piece of iron, initially at 20.0 oC, when it is
placed in a beaker of boiling water at 1 atm?
180. J
2. How many calories of energy are given off to lower the temperature of
100.0 g of iron from 150.0 oC to 35.0 oC?
3. If 3.47 kJ were absorbed by 75.0 g H2O at 20.0 oC, what would be the
final temperature of the water?
31.1 oC
1.28 J/g oC
5. A 17.9 g sample of unknown metal was heated to 48.31 oC. It was then
added to 28.05 g of water in an insulted cup. The water temperature
rose from 21.04 oC to 23.98oC. What is the specific heat of the metal
in J/goC?
0.792 J/goC