C.C.

E
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT - II
Session 2012-13
Class 10
Name: Chirag Gami
06
Dhyey Patel
07
Divyang Dankhara 08
Ghanil Moradiya 09
Harsh Bahroliya 10
Activity: PowerPoint Presentation
Topic: Work, Life and Leisure
Print Culture and The modern World

 Industrialization and the Rise of the Modern City in

England
The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and
Manchester attracted large number of migrants to the textile
mills set up in the late 18th century.
In 18th century most of the people were employed in Clothing
and footwear , Wood and furniture ,Metals and engineering
Printing and stationary
During the First World War (1914-18), London began
manufacturing cars and electrical goods. The number of large
factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third
of all jobs in the city.

Special features of the city of London in the year

1750 were :
(i) Colossal city or Metropolis, densely Populated, the
capital of the region.
(ii) Population 6,75,000.
(iii) Rate of growth of population from one
million in 1810 to four million in 1880.

Marginal Groups
Women
Lost their industrial jobs owing to technological developments
and were forced to work within households.
A large number of women used their homes for increasing
family income by taking lodgers or through such activities as
tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
In the 20th century, women got employed in wartime industries
and offices and withdrew from domestic service.

 Children
Large numbers of children were pushed into low
paid work by their parents, while many became
thieves.
The Compulsory Education Act of 1870 and the
Factory Act of 1902 kept children out of industrial
work.

 HOUSING

Factories or workshops did not provide housing to the migrant

workers. Instead, individual landowners put up cheap, and
usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals.
The unhygienic condition of slums highlighted the need of
housing for the poor.
There was widespread fear of social disorder, especially after
the Russian Revolution in 1917. Workers mass housing scheme
were planned for preventing the London poor from turning
rebellious.

 Attempts were made for decongesting localities, creating

open spaces and reducing pollution. Large blocks of
apartments were also built.
Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World
War for easing the impact of severe housing shortage.
Between the two World Wars, the responsibility for housing
the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a
million houses, most of them single-family cottages, were
built by the local authorities.

 Transport in the City

The London underground railway was introduced. It partially
solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and
from the city.
10th January, 1863: The first underground railway in the world
opened between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.
Near about 10000 passengers were carried, but 1880 the train
service expanded and carry 40 million passengers
Reason For Criticism
Between the two World Wars, the London tube railway led to
massive displacement of the London poor.
Many People consider as a menance of health as engine release
harmful gases like SO2, CO2
Charles Dickens wrote in his novel Domby and Son highlighted the
massive destruction of underground railway.

 Leisure and Consumption

Various methods of recreation were adopted by the working class
people in the 19th century. These included
1) Cultural events such as opera,
theatre and classical music
performances.
2) Working classes met in pubs to
have a drink, exchange news and
sometimes for organizing political
action.
3) Libraries, art galleries and
museums provided a glimpse of
the British history.

By the early 20th century, cinema became the great mass

entertainment for mixed audiences.

POLITICS IN THE CITY

London Riots : 1886 winter witnessed a 10,000 strong crowd of poor
people marching to London from Deptford. They demanded relief from
terrible conditions of poverty; dispersed by the police.

1887 riot or the Bloody Sunday

of November was the brutal
suppression by the police of a
similar march.

1889 was the year when dockworkers went on a 12-day strike to gain
recognition for their union

Bombay: The Prime City of India

Bombay was a group of seven
islands.
1661: The control of Bombay
passed into the British hands
after the marriage of Britains
King Charles II to the Portuguese
princess.
Bombay became the principal
Western port for the East India
Company. At first, Bombay was
the major outlet for cotton
textiles from Gujarat.

It became an important administrative and industrial centre of Western

India.

 1854: First cotton textile mill was established in Bombay

With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city, the crisis of
housing and water supply became acute by the mid-1950s.
More than 70% of the working people lived in the thickly-populated
chawls of Bombay. Chawls were multi-storeyed old structures.
Merchants, bankers and building contractors owned these chawls. Each
chawl was divided into one-room tenements with no private toilets.
Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in
shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles.

 Land Reclamation in Bombay

The need for additional commercial space in the mid-19th century led to
the formulation of several government and private plans for the
reclamation of more land from sea.
1864: The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right of reclaiming
the Western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
The city expanded to about 22 square miles.
As population started growing in the early 19th century, every bit of the
available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the
sea.

 Bombay as the City of Dreams: The World of Cinema and

Culture
1896: Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling
match in Bombays Hanging gardens and it became Indias first movie.
1913: Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra
By 1925, Bombay became the film capital of India.
Many people in the film industry were migrants from cities such as Lahore,
Madras and Calcutta.

 Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while
excessive noise became a feature of urban life.

Black fog engulfed the towns owing to pollution, thereby causing bad
temper and smoke-related illnesses.
The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not work to clean the air
as smoke was not easy to monitor or measure.

By 1840s: Towns such as Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws for
controlling smoke in the city.
In Calcutta, high level of pollution was a consequence of the huge
population that depended on dung and wood as fuel, and also the use of
steam engines that ran on coal.
The railway line introduced in 1855 introduced a new pollutant-coal from
Raniganj.

Printing in china

The earliest print technology was developed in China, Japan and

Korea. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by
rubbing paper.
China remained the major producer of printed material by printing
vast numbers of textbooks for the civil service examinations held for
recruiting its personnel.
Academicians and merchants used print in their everyday lives. Many
people started to read and write.
Shanghai became the hub of new print culture, catering to the
Western-style schools. There was a gradual shift from hand printing to
machine printing.

 Print in Japan
AD 768-770: Buddhist missionaries from China introduced handprinting technology to Japan

The Buddhist Diamond Sutra was the oldest Japanese book.

The illustrated collections of paintings depicted an elegant urban
culture involving artisans, courtesans and teahouse gatherings.
In the 18th century : Edo (Tokyo) published illustrated collection of
paintings, showing urban culture; hundreds of books published on
cooking, famous places, women, musical instruments, tea ceremony.
etc. From Japan, this art travelled to Europe and the USA.

 Print Comes to Europe

11th century: Chinese paper reached Europe through the silk route
In Italy, Marco Polo brought the knowledge of print.
The handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing
demand for goods because the manuscripts were fragile, awkward to
handle and could not be carried around or read easily.
By the early 15th century, woodblocks were being widely used in
Europe for printing textiles, playing cards and religious pictures with
simple, brief texts.

Gutenberg and the Printing Press

1430s: Johann Gutenberg developed the printing press
The first book printed on Gutenbergs printing press was the Bible. It
took three years to print 180 copies of the Bible.

 Printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in

appearance and layout.

1450-1550: Printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.

20 million copies of printed books flooded the European markets
during the second half of the 15th century.
The time and labour required for producing each book decreased and
multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.

 It was not just a development and a new way of producing

books but also transformed the life of people.
It also change their relationship with information and
knowledge.
It influence popular perception and opened up new ways of
looking at things.
Access of books created a new culture of reading. Earlier
reading was restricted to elites.

 1517: A religious reformer, Martin Luther wrote Ninety-five

Theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the
Roman Catholic Church.
Luthers writings were immediately reproduced in vast
numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the
Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Several scholars think that print brought about a new
intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that
led to the Reformation.
1558: The Roman Church, troubled by effects of popular
readings and questionings of faith, imposed several controls
over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an
Index of Prohibited Books.

 Reading Mania
By the end of the 18th century, literacy rates in Europe were
as high as 60 to 80%.

Churches of different denominations set up schools in

villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.
New forms of literature appeared in print that targeted new
audiences.
There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads
and folktales.
In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars
known as chapmen. They were sold for a penny and could be
afforded even by the poor.

 Print Culture And the French Revolution

Print popularised the idea of Philosophers like
Rousseau, Voltaire.
Print created a new culture of debate and dialogue.
Literature raised question about the existing social order.
Print helped to spread the ideas of the philosopher.
People widely read it and influenced by their ideas.
Print opened up the peoples mind to think differently.

 India and the world of Print

India had a rich and old tradition of handwritting manuscript.
In the mid 16th century Printing came to India with Portuguese
Missioneries.
In 1579 Catholic priest first printed the Tamil book.
In the late 17th century East India company Brought the first printing
press to India.
In 1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gagette.
Gangadhar Bhattacharyaa was the first Indian who published the
newspapper Bengal Gagette.

 Religious reform and public debate

From the early 18th century, there were intense
debate around religious issues.
Some criticised existing practices and campainged
for reformes. Others countered the arguments of
reformes.
Rammohan Ray Published the Sambad Kaumudi .
Hindu orthodox published the schamachar
Chandrika to oppose his opinion.
Persian and Gujarati newspaper were also
published.
Religious texts encouraged people to discussion,
debate and controversies within and among
different religions.
Ulama published Persian and Urdu translations of
Holy Scriptures and printed Religious News papers

 New Forms Of Publications

Novels and other literary books published. It

opened up a new world of experience.
Short stories,essays were published in great
numbers and they reinforced the new emphasis
on human lives.
Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produce images for
mass circulation.

By the 1670s, Caricature and cartoons were

published in journals and newspapers.

Print and poor people

In 19th century very cheap and small books were available to market.

From the early 20th century public libraries were set up mostly in towns,
cities and prosperous villages.
Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustice of women in Gulamgiri in 1871.

In the 20th century B.R. Ambedkar, E.V.Ramaswamy Naicar wrote

powerfully about castism.
Bengal millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves.

Print culture helped to begin nationalism in India.

 Women And Print

Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home
and sent them to schools.

Many journals began carrying writings by women and explained why

women should be educated.
Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and
Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading
Urdu romances.
1876: Rashsundari Debis autobiography, Amar Jiban, was published. It
was the first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali
language.

From 1860s: Few Bengali women such as Kailashbashini Debi wrote

books highlighting the experiences of women.
In 1880s (Maharashtra): Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote
with passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu
women, especially widows.