Networking Fundamentals

Objectives
Define

basic networking terms

Describe some commonly used network
applications
Describe the main purposes and
functions of computer networking
Describe the history and purposes of the
OSI reference model

Basic Networking
Terminology
NIC
Media

Protocol
Cisco IOS software
NOS
Connectivity devices
LAN
MAN
WAN
Physical topology
Logical topology

Defining Components of the

Network
Home Office

Mobile Users

Internet

Branch Office

Main Office

The OSI Reference Model

7

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Why a Layered Network

Model?
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Ensures interoperable technology

Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and learning

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
Network Processes to Applications

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Provides network services to

application processes (such as
electronic mail, file transfer,
and terminal emulation)

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
Network Process to Applications

7
6

Application
Presentation

Data Representation
Ensures data is readable by
receiving system
Formats data

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Structures data
Negotiates data transfer syntax
for application layer

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
7

Application

Presentation

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation
Interhost Communication

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Establishes, manages, and

terminates sessions between
applications

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation
Interhost Communication
End-to-End Connections

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Handles transportation issues

between hosts
Ensures data transport reliability
Establishes, maintains and
terminates virtual circuits
Provides reliability through fault
detection and recovery
information flow control

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Interhost Communication

Transport

End-to-End Connections

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation

Data Delivery

Network

Data Link

Physical

Provides connectivity and path

selection between two host systems
Routes data packets

Selects best path to deliver data

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Interhost Communication

Transport

End-to-End Connections

Network

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation

Data Delivery

Access to Media

Data Link

Physical

Defines how data is formatted for

transmission and how access to the
network is controlled

The Seven Layers of the OSI

Model
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Interhost Communication

Transport

End-to-End Connections

Network

Data Link

Network Process to Applications

Data Representation

Data Delivery
Access to Media
Binary Transmission

Physical

Defines the electrical, mechanical,

procedural, and functional
specifications for activating,
maintaining, and deactivating the
physical link.

Data Encapsulation
Sender

User Data
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

L5
HDR
L4
L5
HDR HDR
L3
L4
L5
HDR HDR HDR
L2
L3
L4
L5
HDR HDR HDR HDR

L6
HDR
L6
HDR
L6
HDR
L6
HDR
L6
HDR

L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR

Bits
HDR = header

User Data
User Data
User Data
User Data
User Data
User Data FCS

Data De-Encapsulation
Receiver

User Data
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

L5
HDR
L4
L5
HDR HDR
L3
L4
L5
HDR HDR HDR
L2
L3
L4
L5
HDR HDR HDR HDR

L6
HDR
L6
HDR
L6
HDR
L6
HDR
L6
HDR

L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR
L7
HDR

Bits
HDR = header

User Data
User Data
User Data
User Data
User Data
User Data FCS

Peer-to-Peer Communication
Sender

Receiver

Application

Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session

Session
Segments

Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

Packets
Frames
Bits
Network

Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

TCP/IP Model

Application
Presentation
Internet
Network Access

TCP/IP Protocol Stack vs.

OSI Model
TCP/IP Protocol Stack

OSI Model
Application
Presentation

Application

Application
Layers

Protocols

Session
Transport

Transport

Internet

Network

Network
Access

Networks

Data Link

Physical

Data Flow
Layers