Embedded System

SHRI RAKESH PANDYA

COMPUTER APPLICATION & MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

XIII MBA EVENING

M S UNIVERSITY, BARODA
 Submitted by

Mohammed Asif A Memon Roll no – 13

Sanket Patel Roll no – 22

Vijay Kumar Thakkar Roll no – 31

Ravi Dave Roll no – 04

 Introduction

 Embedded system are self-contained programs that are

embedded with in a piece of hardware, typical a computer
system.
 Embedded system are used in any application or device
which requires having certain level of automation or
intelligence.
 Embedded system are controlled by a main processing core
that is either a micro controller or digital signal processor.
 Embedded system found in various products .
 More then 98% processors applied today are in embedded
system.
 What is embedded System ?

An embedded system – is some combination of computer

hardware and software, possibly with some mechanics,
that is specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device.
An embedded system can be part of a larger system.
90% of all computers are embedded computers but isn’t a
general purpose computer.
Take advantage of application characteristic to optimize
design e.g., Personal Digital assistant (PDA), Set-top
Boxes, Televisions, Video Game, Refrigerators, Cars, Alarm
System, Planes
 Embedded System Design: Major Subtasks

 Modeling – the system to designed, and experimenting

with algorithms involved.
 Refining or partitioning – the function to be implemented
into smaller, interacting pieces;
 HW-SW partitioning : allocation – elements in refined
model to either hardware units or software running on
custom hardware or a general micro processor.
 Scheduling – the times at which the function are executed.
This is important when several modules in the partition
share single hard ware unit
 Mapping or implementing – a functional description into
software that runs on a processor or a collection of custom,
semi-custom or commodity hardware.
 Component in Embedded System

Hardware & Processor

Data acquisition & processing
Real time operating system (RTOS)
System logic & Control algorithm
Various ports including Serial Port, N/W port, I/O
peripheral port.
Interface
Sensors & Actuators
Auxiliary units and Mechanical parts
 History of Embedded System

 In 1930-40s, Computer were comparable large and

expensive, beside, they were dedicated to a single task only.
 Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was first recognizable
modern embedded system developed by Charles Strak
Draper, but it was very huge and risk for Apollo project.
 Charles developed monolithic integrated circuit in order to
reduce the size and weight of AGC.
 In 1961, automatic D-17 guidance computer, were the early
mass produce embedded system built from transistor logic
and had a hard disk for main memory.
 In 1966, new computer emerged with the first high-volume
use of integrated circuits.
 History of Embedded System

 This introduction program reduced prices ICs gate from $ 1000

each to $ 3 each, permitting their use in commercial products.
 First micro processor that introduce was intel 4004, designed for
calculator and other small system.
 In 1978, National Engineering Manufacturing Association released
a standard for programmable micro controllers, including almost
any computer based controllers.
 Chipper micro processor and micro controller replace the
traditional expensive knob based analog components .
 By 1980, modern form of chip with external integration came and
become so popular that every electronic devices used them.
 RTOS V/s GPOS

 An RTOS is a low-level operating system kernel or software

executive that supports the development of real-time
applications (hard and/or soft).
 A GPOS is a software platform designed for a range of
applications. It can be designed to enhance real-time
performance, to be unbiased towards it.

 Linux is an example of a GPOS.

 All applications have some type of performance
requirement: perhaps 10% exhibit requirements for hard
real-time. Another 40% need quality soft real-time, and the
rest be enough by being "fast enough".
 Micro Controller v/s Micro Processor

Micro Controller Micro Processor

It has central processing unit (CPU), i.e. It means the general purpose such as
micro processor intel’s X86 or Motorol’s 680X family
The processor, RAM, ROM, I/O port and It contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O
the timer are all embedded together on Port on chip itself
one chip
No additional efforts has to made to make When you use it, you must add RAM,
it functional ROM and I/O port and Timer externally
to make them functional.
They are useful when cost and space are It is bulkier and much more expensive
important consider for your project
Designer can’t changes the amount of They are versatility, as you have to decide
RAM, ROM and I/O port amount of RAM, ROM and I/O port
needed to fit the task at hand
Such application required some I/O
operations to read signals. e.g. T V
 Classification of Embedded System

Multi dimensional
 Hard V/s Software System
Characteristic Hard Real-time Soft Real-time
Response Time Hard-required Soft-desired
Peak-load Performance Predictable Degraded
Control of Pace Environment Computer
Safety Often Critical Non-critical
Size of Data Small/Medium Large
Redundancy Type Active Check-point recovery
Data integrity Short Term Long Term
Error Detection Autonomous User Assisted
 Classification of Embedded System

 Fail-safe V/s Fail-operational System

 These system characteristic is of controlled object that
must have error-detection coverage.
 Fail-safe system bring the whole system in safe state after
detection of failure
 E.g. railway signaling system, in case a failure is detected,
it is possible to stop all the signal to red to avoid
catastrophe.
 Where, application can’t identified safe state then these
application are called fail-operational.
 E.g. a fight control system abroad an airplane provide a
minimal level of service to avoid catastrophe in the case of
a failure.
 Classification of Embedded System

 Guaranteed-response V/s Best-effort System

 In the former system, the deign is prepaid by keeping
mind specified fault and load-hypothesis with out
referring to probabilistic argument.
 In this type of system, you requires careful planning and
extensive analysis during the design phase.
 Best-effort system, do not required a rigorous
specification of load and fault hypothesis.
 This system work on principle of best possible effort
taken and the sufficiency of design is established during
the test and integration phases.
 Classification of Embedded System

 Resource-adequate V/s Resource-inadequate

 Resource adequacy means there are enough computing
resources available to handle the specified peak load and
the fault scenario.
 Guaranteed response system are based in the principle of
resource adequacy.
 While, resource inadequacy assumed that the provision
of sufficient resource to handle every possible situation is
not economically viable and that a dynamic resource
allocation strategy based in sharing & probabilistic
argument about the expected load and fault scenarios is
acceptable.
 Classification of Embedded System

 Event-triggered V/s Time-triggered

 Event means any occurrence that happens at a cut of the
time line, the time line extends from the past into future.
 Information that described an event is called event
information. While any property of RT entity or an object
that remains valid during a finite duration is called a state
attribute, thus a change of state is an event.
 In the event trigged approach, all communication &
processing activities initiated whenever a significant
change of state.
 In the time trigged approach, all communication &
processing activities are initiated at predestined point in
time.
 Embedded System Requirement

 Functional Requirement
 The functional requirement are defined by the operations
that the embedded system need to perform, which are in
their turn determined by the services required by the
embedded system.

 Data gathering – obtain information from the system and

surrounding environment.
 Data transformation and to base decision on the data .
 Control is performed after transformed data and decision is
taken to act on the environment.
 Embedded System Requirement

 Temporal Requirement
 This requirement induced by the fact that some tasks i.e.
parts of dedicated services, have deadlines, thus the system
has to deliver the services before deadline.
 Thus, completion of task before deadline is critical in hard
real-time system and failure to do so can have
catastrophically results.
 Where as, in case of soft real-time system the essential
tasks is to display and update, if they are not completed
before their deadline, then other non-essential task such as
connection establishment may be engross and reschedule.
 Embedded System Requirement

Dependability Requirement
 They are relate to the quality of the services the embedded system
delivers during an life time.

 Reliability – probability measure indicating the system time of

being operational with in a certain time span.
 Maintainability – measure of the time to repair a system after a
failure occurrence.
 Availability – measure the fraction of time that the embedded
system is available to provide its services with respect to the total
time.
 Design Matrix

 A design matrix is a measurable feature of system’s

implementation.
 System designer must construct an implement that fulfills
desired functionality simultaneously optimizes numerous
design matrix.
 Unit cost, NRE cost, Size, performance, power, correctness,
safety and many others these are features of system of
matrix.
 The matrix typically compete with one another that means
improving one feature often lead to degradation in another
feature.
Design Matrix - Diagram
 Characteristics of Embedded System

Application Specific

Hardware/Software Co design

Static Structure

Heterogeneous

Mass – Produced

Real – time & Deadline

 Technology of Embedded System

 Technology can be defined as a manner of accomplishing a

task, especially using technical processes, methods or
knowledge.
 They are three technologies central to embedded system.

 Processor Technologies - architecture of computation

engine
 I C Technologies - map digital gate level implementation.
 Design Technologies - convert our concept of desired
system functionality into an implementation.
 Technologies of Embedded System

 Embedded Processor Technologies

o Processor is usually associated with programmable software
processor.
o Three type of processor technology are –
• General-purpose processor – software
Designer build a device suitable for variety of application.
• Single-purpose processor – hardware
It is digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program.
• Application-specific processors
It is designed for a particular class of application with common
characteristics.
 Technologies of Embedded System

 I C (Integrated Circuit) Technologies

o IC is also called as CHIP, it is semiconductor device of a set
of connected transistors & other devices.
o IC has bottom layer of transistors, middle layer is of logic
gates and top layers connect these gates with wires.
o Three type of IC technology are –

• Full-custom or Very Large Scale Integration .

• Semi-custom ASIC i.e. gate array & standard cell.
• Programmable Logic Device (PLD).
 Technology of Embedded System

 Design Technologies
o Top – down design process; System Specification,
Behavioral specification, Register Transfer Specification,
Logic Specification.
o Three design technology are –
• Compilation / Synthesis - automates exploration &
insertion of implementation details for lower level
• Libraries / IP - incorporates pre-designed implementation
from lower to higher level
• Test /Verification – Ensures correct functionality at each
level, thus reducing costly iterations between levels.
Developing Embedded System – A tool introduction

 Developing software & hardware for micro controller based

system involved the use of a range of tools are –

 Editors,
 Assemblers,
 Compliers,
 Debuggers,
 Simulators,
 Emulator and
 Flash / OTP programmers.
Micro controller Development Cycle
 Developing Embedded System-A tools introduction

 Writing the Code

o Software code for a micro controller is written in a
programming language of choice i.e. often assembler or C.
o This source code is written with a standard ASCII text
editor.
o Programming in assembler involves learning a micro
controller’s specific instruction set (assembler mnemonics).
o A higher level language is for the most part independent of
a micro controller’s specific architecture.
o However, still some controller specific extensions of the
standard language to be able to control all of chip’s
peripherals & functionality.
 Developing Embedded System-A tool introduction

 Translating the Code

o The source code needs to be translated into instruction the
micro controller can actually execute.
o A micro controller’s instruction set is represented by
unique sequence of bit (“0” and “1”) that are decoded by the
controller’s instruction decode logic & then executed.
o Following are the translate the code –
 Assemble or complier
 Linkers
 Librarians
Developing Embedded System – A tools introduction

 A Debugging Code
o A debugger is a piece of software to be tightly integrated
with the emulator that you use to validate your code.
o Common debugging features include the capability to
examine & modify the micro controller’s on-chip registers
data and program-memory executing at defined program
location by setting break point.
o An integrated development environment (IDE) puts all of
the previously discussed software components under one
common unified user interface, so that it becomes possible
to make a code change & modified.
 Developing Embedded System-A tool introduction

 Debugging Tools
o For debugging your code & testing you application there are
several tools are –
 Simulators – try to model the behavior of micro controller
in system.
 Micro controller starter kits – is bundle a hard ware board
and in-system programmer with some software
components to allow us for very basic emulation and
debugging function.
 Emulator – is hard ware that ideally behave exactly like the
real micro controller chip with all its integrated
functionality.
 Developing Embedded System-A tool introduction

 OTP & Flash Programming

o Out-of-Circuit Programming – OTP micro controller is
programmed before being soldered o the target board.
o This offer a choice of optional, high quality, expensive,
zero-insertion-force (ZIF) pin adapters to support different
package flavors.
o In-system Programming (ISP) – the micro controller is
already soldered into the target system and can be
programmed via one of communication interface.
o It is recommended that before your start your PCB layout,
you decide on which ISP programmer you want to use and
find out which ISP connector is required for it.
 Embedded Processors

 It is brain of embedded logic circuit. The processor can be

of Three Types –

 8b Micro Controller – for applications where space

requirement is high but processing power & memory
requirement are low, like in toys, smart cards etc.
 32b Micro processor – for application where space
requirement is low but processing power & memory
requirement are high, like handheld computers.
 Digital signal processors – for application where signals are
handled then data like audio & video applications.
 Digital Primer –Logic gate

 Binary Logic
Two voltage can be represented as two digits 0 & 1.
 Logic gate

AND gate OR gate Inverter or NOT

Inputs Output Input Output Input Output
XY X AND Y XY X OR Y X NOT X
00 0 00 0 0 1
01 0 01 1 1 0
10 0 10 1
11 1 11 1
 Digital Primer – Logic gate

XOR gate NOR gateNAND gate

Inputs Output Input Output Input Output
XY X XOR Y XY X NOR Y X X NAND Y
00 0 00 1 00 1
01 1 01 0 01 1
10 1 10 0 10 1
11 0 11 0 11 0
Tri-state buffer gate does not change the logic level. It is used to
isolate or amplify the signal
 Flip-Flops

 Flip-flop is used to store data, D flip-flop is widely used to

handle data as it holds the data as long as the power is on.
x
y Carry
x Sum

y Full-
Sum Adder Carry
Half-adder using XOR & AND gate
x x1 Sum
Half-
Adder Carry
y y1 Full-
Adder Carry

Sum Carry
x2
Half-

Sum
Adder
Carry Full- Carry
y2 Adder
Sum
Full-adder Built from a Half -adder 3-Bit Adder using 3 Full-adder
 Internal Organization of Computer - Bus

Address Bus

CPU
RAM ROM Printer Disk Monitor Keyboar
d

Data Bus

Read/writ
e
Control Bus
 Choosing Micro Controller

o There are four major 8-bit micro controller-Scales 6811,

Intel’s 8051, Zilog Z8, PIC 16X for micro chip technology.
o Each of them has unique instruction set and register set,
there also 16 bits and 32 bit.
o Criteria for choosing a micro controller
 Firstly, it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost
effectively; speed, packing, power consumption, cost etc.
 Then, how easy it is to develop product around it, that is
availability of an assembler, debugger, emulator, complier,
technical support; both in-house and outside.
 Lastly, it is ready availability in needed quantities both now
and in future.
 8051 Micro controller
External Interrupts

ON – CHIP
ROM

for Program

INPUTS
COUNTER
Interrupt ON – CHIP ETC
code
RAM
Control Timer 0

Timer 1

CPU

OSC BUS Control 4 I/O Serial

Ports Port

ADDRESS TXD RXD

DATA
 Program of 8051 Micro controller

my file.asm my file.obj my file.abs my file.hex

Editor Assemble Linker OH

Progra r Progra Progra
Program
m m m

8051
MS-DOS Assembler Linking
Edit
program
my file.lst
 Digital Camera

 Single functioned – always a digital camera

 Tightly constrained – low cost, lower power, small, fast
 Reactive & real time – only to some extent
 Toothbrush

 Product – sonic are elite toothbrush

 Micro processor – 8 bit
 Has a programmable speed control, timer and charge gauge
 BMW 745i

2 000 000 LOC

Windows CE OS
53 8-bit microprocessor
11 32-bit micro processor
7 16-bit micro processor
Multiple networks
Buggy!
By 2010 electronics & software in car will account for
up to 40% of their value.
 NASA’s Twin Mars Rovers

 Micro processor – radiation hardened 20Mhz Power PC

 Commercial Real Time OS
 Software & OS was developed during multiyear flight to
Mars & download using a radio link
 Gas Pump

 Product – Dresser Wayne ovation iX gas Pump

 Micro processor – Marvel Xscale (ARM)
 OS – window CE
 Displays video ads & is networked to a gas station’s back
office computer system. Also has remote maintenance
features.
 Robotic

Product – sony aibo ERS 7 robotic dog

Micro processor – 64 bit MIS R7000
OS – Aperios – sony’s Real Time OS