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Stress
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Review important principles of
statics
Use the principles to determine
internal resultant loadings in a
body
Introduce concepts of normal
and shear stress
Discuss applications of analysis and design of
members subjected to an axial load or direct shear
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
Equilibrium of a deformable body
Stress
Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar
Average shear stress
Allowable stress
Design of simple connections
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials
A branch of mechanics
It studies the relationship of
External loads applied to a deformable body,
and
The intensity of internal forces acting within the
body
Are used to compute deformations of a body
Study bodys stability when external forces are
applied to it
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Historical development
Beginning of 17th century (Galileo)
Early 18th century (Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lam
and Navier)
In recent times, with advanced mathematical and
computer techniques, more complex problems
can be solved
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MO = 0
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EXAMPLE 1.1
Determine resultant loadings acting on cross
section at C of beam.
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Fx = 0;
Nc = 0
Nc = 0
Fy = 0;
Vc 540 N = 0
Vc = 540 N
+ Mc = 0;
Mc 504 N (2 m) = 0
Mc = 1080 Nm
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EXAMPLE 1.5
Determine resultant internal loadings acting on cross
section at B of pipe.
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Free-Body Diagram:
Need to find weight of
each segment.
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(FB)x = 0
Fy = 0;
(FB)y = 0
Fz = 0;
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(MB)x = 0;
(Mc)x + 70 Nm 50 N (0.5 m) 24.525 N (0.5 m)
9.81 N (0.25m) = 0
(MB)x = 30.3 Nm
(MB)y = 0;
(Mc)y + 24.525 N (0.625m) + 50 N (1.25 m) = 0
(MB)y = 77.8 Nm
(MB)z = 0;
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(Mc)z = 0
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1.3 STRESS
Concept of stress
To obtain distribution of force acting over a
sectioned area
Assumptions of material:
1. It is continuous (uniform distribution of matter)
2. It is cohesive (all portions are connected
together)
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1.3 STRESS
Concept of stress
Consider A in figure below
Small finite force, F acts on A
As A 0, F 0
But stress (F / A) finite limit ()
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1.3 STRESS
Normal stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting
normal to A
Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)
z =
lim Fz
A 0
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1.3 STRESS
Shear stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting
tangent to A
Symbol used for normal stress is (tau)
zx =
zy =
lim Fx
A 0
lim Fy
A 0
A
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1.3 STRESS
General state of stress
Figure shows the state of stress
acting around a chosen point in a
body
Units (SI system)
Newtons per square meter (N/m2)
or a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)
MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Assumptions
1. Uniform deformation: Bar remains straight before
and after load is applied, and cross section
remains flat or plane during deformation
2. In order for uniform deformation, force P be
applied along centroidal axis of cross section
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
+ FRz = Fxz
dF = A dA
P = A
P
=
A
= average normal stress at any
point on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = x-sectional area of the bar
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Equilibrium
Consider vertical equilibrium of the element
Fz = 0
(A) (A) = 0
=
Above analysis
applies to members
subjected to tension
or compression.
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
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EXAMPLE 1.6
Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm
Determine max. average normal stress in bar when
subjected to loading shown.
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30(103) N
= 85.7 MPa
BC =
=
(0.035 m)(0.010 m)
A
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EXAMPLE 1.8
Specific weight st = 80 kN/m3
Determine average compressive stress acting at
points A and B.
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P Wst = 0
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8.042 kN
=
(0.2 m)2
= 64.0 kN/m2
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EXAMPLE 1.10
Depth and thickness = 40 mm
Determine average normal stress and average
shear stress acting along (a) section planes a-a,
and (b) section plane b-b.
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Fy = 0;
V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0
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Fx = 0;
N 800 N cos 30 = 0
Fy = 0;
V 800 N sin 30 = 0
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fail
F.S. =
allow
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Condition:
The force has a line of action that passes
through the centroid of the cross section.
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Assumption:
If bolt is loose or clamping force of bolt is unknown,
assume frictional force between plates to be
negligible.
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EXAMPLE 1.13
The two members pinned together at B. If the pins
have an allowable shear stress of allow = 90 MPa,
and allowable tensile stress of rod CB is
(t)allow = 115 MPa
Determine to nearest
mm the smallest
diameter of pins A
and B and the
diameter of rod CB
necessary to support
the load.
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P
800 N
= 500 kPa
= =
A (0.04 m)(0.04 m)
No shear stress on section, since shear force at
section is zero
avg = 0
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2.84 kN
VA
6 m2 = (d 2/4)
AA =
=
31.56
10
=
A
Tallow 90 103 kPa
dA = 6.3 mm
6.67 kN
VB
6 m2 = (d 2/4)
AB =
=
74.11
10
=
B
Tallow 90 103 kPa
dB = 9.7 mm
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dB = 10 mm
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10
=
BC
3 kPa
115
10
(t)allow
dBC = 8.59 mm
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CHAPTER REVIEW
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CHAPTER REVIEW
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CHAPTER REVIEW
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CHAPTER REVIEW
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