3-D VS 2-D SEISMIC

- THE END RESULT IS A DATA VOLUME

VS A DATA SLICE.
- MIGRATION OF 3-D SEISMIC DATA GIVES
A MORE ACCURATE SUBSURFACE IMAGE.

- 3-D SEISMIC DATA COSTS MUCH MORE.

3D 1

2D VS 3D COVERAGE

3D 2

3D 3

LINE B

2-D MIGRATED

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Tensor Geophysical Service Corporation

3D 4

3D 6

RAW DATA

2D MIGRATION

3D MIGRATION

3D 5

3D 5

3D COLOR DISPLAY OF CHANNEL

3D 6

3D 4

LINE B

3-D MIGRATED

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Tensor Geophysical Service Corporation

3D 7

Important parameters in a 3-D CMP gather

1. fold
2. shot-receiver offset distributions
3. shot-receiver azimuth distributions

3D 8

Two general classes of seismic surveys

x

x
R

s
y

z
Narrow-azimuth survey

Wide-azimuth survey

3D 9

Common Midpoint (CMP) coverage

CMP bin size is 10m x 10m
Fold
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

3D 10

a shot into a patch of receivers

20 m

20 m

receiver

shot

3D 11

CMP fold for two shots

Fold
10
9
8
7
6
5

Y
C
O
O
R
D

4
3
2
1

3D 12

patch 1

patch 2

Two patches shot

shot 1

shot 2

3D 13

Example shot - receiver pairs into CMP bins

Fold
10
9
8
7
Y

6
5

C
O
O
R
D

4
3
2
1

3D 14

" IN - LINE "

" CROSS - LINE "

TOTAL CMP FOLD =

IN-LINE FOLD X CROSS-LINE FOLD
3D 15

Example Shot - Receiver pairs that contribute fold to a bin

Fold
10
9
8
7
Y

6
5

C
O
O
R
D

4
3
2
1

3D 16

CMP fold for three shots

Fold
10
9
8
7
6
5

Y
C
O
O
R
D

4
3
2
1

3D 17

Balam SE Geometry
2370 m

30 m

group

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
30 m
...

*
*
*

15m

*
4
2

4
3

4
4

4
5

4
6

4
7

..
.. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

in-line direction

Patch roll

- in-line roll is 120 m (four

stations)
- cross-line roll is 120 m (4 lines)
Which yields

- in-line CMP fold = 11

- cross-line CMP fold = 4
8
7

8
8

- total CMP fold = 44

- 15m X 15m CMP bin size

4 shots associated
with each patch

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3D 19

SUBSURFACE SPACING
V
4 . Fmax . sin

=
max

2 . Fmax . DIPstk

Where :
V

= Vrms (or stacking velocity to target event)

Fmax = highest useable frequency at target event

max

= steepest dip of interest

DIPstk =

= max dip of an event on the stacked section

3D 21

SUBSURFACE SPACING

D <

V
4

.F

max

sin max

2 . Fmax . DIPstk

where :

= Vrms ( or stacking velocity to target event)

Fmax

= highest useable frequency at target event

max = steepest dip of interest

DIPstk = t/x = max dip of an event on the stacked section.
3D 21

Example azimuth distributions for CMP gathers from a multi-azimuth survey

3D 22

Example azimuth distributions for a narrow-azimuth survey

3D 23

FAR OFFSET = DEPTH OF DEEPEST TARGET

NOTE : IF WE KNOW THERE IS A MULTIPLE-PROBLEM, WE CAN

INCREASE THIS SOME, OR IF WE ARE MORE
INTERESTED IN THE SHALLOWER ZONES, WE CAN
DECREASE THIS SOME.

3D 24

Example offset distributions from a narrow azimuth survey

3D 25

EFFECT OF INCREASING SPATIAL SAMPLE INTERVAL

STACKED SECTION WITH TRACE SPACING = 106.4 M

3D 26

EFFECT OF INCREASING SPATIAL SAMPLE INTERVAL

MIGRATED SECTION WITH TRACE SPACING = 106.4 M

3D 27

EFFECT OF INCREASING SPATIAL SAMPLE INTERVAL

STACKED SECTION WITH TRACE SPACING = 53.2 M

3D 28

EFFECT OF INCREASING SPATIAL SAMPLE INTERVAL

MIGRATED SECTION WITH TRACE SPACING = 53.2 M

3D 29

EFFECT OF INCREASING SPATIAL SAMPLE INTERVAL

STACKED SECTION WITH TRACE SPACING = 26.6 M

3D 30

EFFECT OF INCREASING SPATIAL SAMPLE INTERVAL

MIGRATED SECTION WITH TRACE SPACING = 26.6 M

3D 31

MIGRATION APERTURE
Xmig
Z

Xmig = Z tan

If is the measured (e.g. from dipmeter log) or calculated

(e.g. from previous seismic) dip angle, and Z is the depth of
the dipping bed, then Xmig will be an overestimate.
An alternate, more accurate formula is:

Xmig = (T V2 DIPmig)/4
Where:
DIPmig =

x, the ratio of measured time over unit distance

of the dipping event on a migrated section,

T = 2-way time to the deepest part of the dipping event.

V = Vrms (or migration velocity) to the dipping event.

3D 32

MIGRATION APERTURE

3D 33

MIGRATION APERTURE
X

mig

X mig = Z tan
is the measured (e.g. from dipmeter log) or calculated
If
(e.g. from previous seismic) dip angle, and Z is the depth of
X mig
will be an overestimate
the dipping bed, then

An alternate, more accurate formula is:

X mig =

(TV DIP

mig

) /4

Where:
DIP mig =

X , the ratio of measured time over unit distance

of the dipping event on an a migrated section

T = 2 way time to the deepest part of the dipping event

V = V rms (or migration velocity) to the dipping event
3D 32

SURFACE COVERAGE PROFILE

Area to be imaged

Full-fold
boundary
Migration aperture
Fold taper zone
3D 34