KRISIS CHINA

DAN JEPUN
AKHIR ABAD
KE-19

PERANG CHINA-JEPUN I

China vs Japan
the war was fought in the contest for
the control over Korea

FAKTOR

CHINA

JEPUN

KOREA

JEPUN ISYTIHARKAN PADA OGOS 1894

September

1894

November

Jepun mengalahkan angkatan laut di muara sungai

Yalu
Jepun mengalahkan China di Semenanjung Liaotung.

1894

Februari
1895

Mac
1895

17 April

1895

tentera China dikalahkan di Wei Hai Wei.

, Jepun menawan Yingkow dan Newchang
. China menyerah kalah.

Perjanjian Shimonoseki

ISI KANDUNGAN PERJANJIAN

SHIMONESEKI

China mengiktiraf kemerdekaan Korea.

China menyerahkan Formosa, Pulau Pescadores, Port
Arthur dan Danny di Semenanjung Liaotung.
China bersetuju untuk membayar 200 juta taels kepada
Jepun dan Jepun akan menduduki Wei Hai Wei sehingga
bayaran gantirugi diselesaikan.
Jepun mendapat keistimewaan di negeri China seperti
yang dinikmati oleh kuasa-kuasa Barat.
Empat pelabuhan China iaitu Shansi, Chungking,
Soochow dan Hangchow dibuka kepada perdagangan
asing.

TIADA

KERJASAMA

KELENGKAPAN
PERANG BERMUTU
RENDAH

SEBAB
CHINA
KALAH

TERLALU
BERHANTUNG
PADA BARAT

KELEMAHAN
KERAJAAN CHINA
-EKONOMI

The effects on Japan

Japan had for a long time contemplated on a

forward policy on the Asian Continent.
She had focused on her weak neighbors such
as Korea and China.
After the defeat of China in 1895, she of
course became the leading power in East Asia.
She had obtained Taiwan and Korea within
her sphere of influence.

Later she was able to get an nonalienation clause for the province of
Fukien. She had also territorial
ambitions in Port Arthur, Liaotung
Peninsula and the whole of
Manchuria.
But this ambition was dwarfed
temporarily by the Triple
Intervention instigated by Russia.
The temporary recession of Japan's
adventure did not signal the end of
her designs on the Asian continent

i)

ii)

iii)

Indeed, the Russian championship of the

Intervention was one of the most important
causes leading to the Russo-Japanese War of
1904-1905.
Treaty of Shimonoseki and its supplementary
clauses, Japan:
got the right to own and build factories in the
treaty ports (Soochow, Hangchow, Shasi and
Chungking) she had opened.
The goods manufactured by these Japanese
factories would be Free of tariff. It would
certainly enhance the commercial position of
Japan.
The foreigners, by virtue of the mostfavoured-nation clause, obtained similar
treatment from China which practically
opened China to the domination of foreign
economic imperialism.

The consequences on China

She was defeated by Japan, a country
she had originally looked down upon.
This disastrous defeat brought to China
a new wave of foreign imperialism.
The avaricious foreign powers soon
started to scramble on Chinese
territories and sovereign rights. They
sliced up the Chinese melon into
different portions for further exploitation.

The doom of China as a nation and

the Chinese as a race became a
nightmare to many people who were
then affected by Social Darwinist
ideas that the strong would become
stronger and the weak weaker.
The weak would then be cast away
through the process of natural
selection. Knowing of the grave
dangers of their own nation, a new
wave of intellectual awakening evolved
out of the minds of the Chinese.

The reform movement of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and

K'ang Yu-wei worked their way up to the
hundred Days Reform. The reformers
demanded a full-scale renovation of the Ch'ing
government. Any resistance to change was
considered detrimental to the existence of
China.
The revolutionary movement, on the other
hand, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen gathered
momentum again after the Sino-Japanese
War.

Moving in parallel direction was a chain of

anti-foreign activities and riots in opposition
to the imperialistic challenges as brought
about by the war.
The Boxer Uprising was the culmination of
such anti-foreign feelings. The increasing
intensity of anti-foreignism must be
attributed to the further and the deepening
erosion of Chinese sovereignty by foreign
imperialism.

The allowance given to Japan and

the western powers to build factories
in China was a direct affront to
China's domestic industries. Chinese
nascent industrial enterprises were
much hampered by the presence of
stronger and privileged foreign
counterparts on Chinese soil.
Hence, Chinese anti-imperialism
became a norm and the driving force
for the future development of China
and Chinese nationalism.

Effect on Korea

Nominally speaking, both Japan and China

recognized the complete independence of Korea
after the Sino-Japanese War.
Yet to nobody's surprise, the Hermit Kingdom
became increasingly under the influence of
Japan.
Japan then instigated a series of internal
reforms in Korea, aiming at incorporating the
country into its own orbit.
Japan also began to take over the control of
Korean economy. Shipping and banking were
the first two categories under Japanese
supervision.

Some Koreans even sought Russian assistance

to counterbalance Japanese influence.
In the decade after the Sino-Japanese War, it
was a contest between Russian and Japanese
influence in Korea.
Indeed, China had backed Russia in doing so
as a safeguard against Japanese further
encroachments. The result was the SinoRussian Alliance of 1896.
A provision of this secret alliance stated that
China and Russia would jointly defend one
another against any Japanese attack on China,
Korea or Russian Far Eastern territorial
holdings.

The insubordination of Korea and

the threat of Russia in Manchuria
and Korea directly contributed to the
Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905,
and the final incorporation of Korea
into the Japanese Empire in 1910.
By then, Japan had an unshakeable
position in Northeast Asia
overlooking the Manchurian and
Chinese mainland.

Others power

Rusia, Germany and France banned

together in the so-calles Triple
Intervention to force Japan to give up
the Liaodong Peninsula in return for a
more substantial indemnity.