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Dr. S. Francis
Typical Cell
Cytoplasm
Portion of cell interior not occupied by the
nucleus
Consists of
Organelles
little organs
Distinct, highly organized, membrane-enclosed
structures
Cytosol
Complex, gel-like mass in which the cytoskeleton is
found
Chapter 2 Cellular Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood 2007 Brooks/Cole-
Cytosol
Occupies about 55% of total cell volume
Semi-liquid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds
the organelles
Contains cytoskeleton and cell nutrients
Activities associated with gelatinous portion of
cytoplasm
Enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
Ribosomal protein synthesis
Storage of fat, carbohydrate, and secretory vesicles
Chapter 2 Cellular Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood 2007 Brooks/Cole-
Cytoskeleton
Complex protein network protein of cytosol
that acts as bone and muscle of cell
Three distinct elements
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Element
Function
Microtubules
Intermediate
filaments
Examples of Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Vault
Two types
Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)
Mesh of tiny interconnected tubules
Ribosomes
Consist of two subunits
Large and a small subunit
Golgi Complex
Closely associated with ER
Consists of a stack of flattened, slightly curved,
membrane-enclosed sacs called cisternae
Number of Golgi complexes per cell varies
with the cell type
Functions
Processes raw materials into finished products
Sorts and directs finished products to their final
destinations
Chapter 2 Cellular Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood 2007 Brooks/Cole-
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic
enzymes
Serve as intracellular digestive system
Extracellular material attacked by lysosomes
enters cell by endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis
Chapter 2 Cellular Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood 2007 Brooks/Cole-
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs
that house oxidative
enzymes that detoxify
various waste products
Vaults
Shaped like octagonal barrels
May serve as extracellular transport vehicles
May contribute to multi-drug resistance
sometimes displayed in cancer cells
Exact function is not clear
Mitochondria
Energy organelle
Major site of ATP
production
Contains enzymes for citric
acid cycle and electron
transport chain
Enclosed by a double
membrane
Inner infolded membrane
is called the cristae
Chapter 2 Cellular Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood 2007 Brooks/Cole-
Nucleus
Typically largest single organized cell
component
Enclosed by a double-layered nuclear
envelope
Contains cells genetic material, DNA
DNA functions
Directs protein synthesis
Serves as genetic blueprint during cell replication
Chapter 2 Cellular Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood 2007 Brooks/Cole-
Plasma Membrane
Also called the cell membrane
Surrounds every cell
Separates cell contents from its surroundings
Separates ICF and ECF
Cholesterol
Tucked between phospholipid molecules
Contributes to fluidity and stability of cell
Chapter 3 The Plasma
membrane
Membrane and
Membrane
Potential
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Plasma Membrane
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Physical isolation
Barrier
Chemical signals
Structural support
Anchors cells and tissues
Copyright 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Plasma Membrane
Membrane Lipids
Double layer of phospholipid molecules
Hydrophilic headstoward watery environment, both
sides
Hydrophobic fatty-acid tailsinside membrane
Barrier to ions and watersoluble compounds
Plasma Membrane
Membrane Carbohydrates
Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Extend outside cell membrane
Form sticky sugar coat (glycocalyx)
Plasma Membrane
Membrane Proteins
Integral proteins
Within the membrane
Peripheral proteins
Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane
Plasma Membrane
Membrane Proteins
Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
Attach to inside or outside structures
Enzymes
Catalyze reactions
Receptor proteins
Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
Carrier proteins
Transport specific solutes through membrane
Channels
Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
Copyright 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Membrane Transport
The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but
Nutrients must get in
Products and wastes must get out
Permeability determines what moves in and out of a cell, and
a membrane that
Lets nothing in or out is impermeable
Membrane Transport
Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
Allows some materials to move freely
Restricts other materials
Size
Electrical charge
Molecular shape
Lipid solubility
Membrane Transport
Transport through a plasma membrane can be
Active (requiring energy and ATP)
Passive (no energy required)
Diffusion (passive)
Carrier-mediated transport (passive or active)
Vesicular transport (active)
Membrane Transport
All molecules are constantly in motion
Diffusion
Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration
Gradient
Diffusion
Molecules mix randomly
Solute spreads through solvent
Eliminates concentration gradient
Diffusion
Diffusion
Factors Affecting Diffusion
Distance the particle has to move
Molecule size
Smaller is faster
Temperature
More heat, faster motion
Gradient size
The difference between high and low concentrations
Electrical forces
Opposites attract, like charges repel
Copyright 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Diffusion
Diffusion Across Plasma Membranes
Can be simple or channel mediated
Materials that diffuse through plasma membrane by
simple diffusion:
lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, and steroids)
dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Diffusion
Diffusion across Plasma Membranes
Factors in channel-mediated diffusion
Passage depends on:
size
charge
interaction with the channel
Diffusion
Diffusion
Osmosis: A Special Case of Diffusion
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell
membrane
More solute molecules, lower concentration of water
molecules
Membrane must be freely permeable to water,
selectively permeable to solutes
Water molecules diffuse across membrane toward
solution with more solutes
Volume increases on the side with more solutes
Copyright 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Membrane Transport
Osmosis
Net diffusion of
water down its
own concentration
gradient
Diffusion
Osmosis: A Special Case of Diffusion
Osmotic Pressure
Is the force of a concentration gradient of water
Diffusion
Diffusion
Tonicity
The osmotic effect of a solute on a cell:
Isotonic (iso- = same, tonos = tension)
A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a
cell
Diffusion
Osmolarity and Tonicity
A cell in a hypotonic solution:
Gains water
Ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells)
Characteristics
Specificity:
one transport protein, one set of substrates
Saturation limits:
rate depends on transport proteins, not substrate
Regulation:
cofactors such as hormones
Countertransport
One substance moves in while another moves out
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot)
Engulf large objects in phagosomes
Exocytosis
Is the reverse of endocytosis
Copyright 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings