DC Choppers

DC Choppers
1
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
Chopper is a static device.
A variable dc voltage is obtained from a
constant dc voltage source.
Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
Widely used for motor control.
Also used in regenerative braking.
Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency,
faster response, lower maintenance, smaller
size and smooth control.
2
Choppers are of Two Types

Step-down choppers.
Step-up choppers.
In step down chopper output voltage is less
than input voltage.
In step up chopper output voltage is more
than input voltage.
3
Principle Of
Step-down Chopper
Chopper
i0
V0
4
A step-down chopper with resistive load.

The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.
When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears
across the load
When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the
load will be zero.
5
v0
V
Vdc
t
tON
tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
6
Vdc Average value of output or load voltage.

I dc Average value of output or load current.
tON Time interval for which SCR conducts.
tOFF Time interval for which SCR is OFF.
T tON tOFF Period of switching or chopping period.
1
f Freq. of chopper switching or chopping freq.
T
7
Average Output Voltage

tON
Vdc V
tON tOFF
tON
Vdc V
V .d
T
tON
but
t
d duty cycle
Average Output Current

Vdc
I dc
R
V tON V
I dc
d
R T R
RMS value of output voltage
1
VO
T
tON
v dt
2
o
9
But during tON , vo V

Therefore RMS output voltage
1
VO
T
tON
V
dt
tON
V
VO
tON
.V
T
T
VO d .V
10
Output power PO VO I O
VO
But
IO
R
Output power
2
O
V
PO
R
2
dV
PO
R
11
Effective input resistance of chopper

V
Ri
I dc
R
Ri
d
The output voltage can be varied by
varying the duty cycle.
12
Methods Of Control
The output dc voltage can be varied by the
following methods.
Pulse width modulation control or constant
frequency operation.
Variable frequency control.
13
Pulse Width Modulation

tON is varied keeping chopping frequency f &
chopping period T constant.
Output voltage is varied by varying the ON
time tON
14
V0
V
tON
tOFF
t
T
V0
V
t
tON
tOFF
15
Variable Frequency Control

Chopping frequency f is varied keeping either
tON or tOFF constant.
To obtain full output voltage range, frequency
has to be varied over a wide range.
This method produces harmonics in the output
and for large tOFF load current may become
discontinuous
16
v0
V
tON
tOFF
t
T
v0
V
tON
tOFF
t
T
17
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
Chopper
i0
+
R
FWD
V0
L
E
18
When chopper is ON, supply is connected

across load.
Current flows from supply to load.
When chopper is OFF, load current continues
to flow in the same direction through FWD due
to energy stored in inductor L.
19
Load current can be continuous or

discontinuous depending on the values of L
and duty cycle d
For a continuous current operation, load current
varies between two limits Imax and Imin
When current becomes equal to Imax the
chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when
current reduces to Imin.
20
v0
Output
voltage
V
tON
i0
tOFF
T
Imax
Output
current
Imin
Continuous
current
i0
t
Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t
21
Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current Operation
When
Chopper Is ON (0 t tON)
22
i0
+
R
V0
L
E
-
23
diO
V iO R L
E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform
V
E
RI O S L S .I O S iO 0
S
S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
I min
V E
IO S
R
R
LS S S
L
L
24
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

R
R

t
V E
L
L
iO t
1 e
I min e
R
This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.

At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO tON I max
25
When Chopper is OFF

i0
R
L
E
26
When Chopper is OFF 0 t tOFF

diO
0 RiO L
E
dt
Talking Laplace transform
E
0 RI O S L SI O S iO 0
S
Redefining time origin we have at t 0,
initial current iO 0
max
27
I max
E
IO S
R
R
S
LS S
L
L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

iO t I max e
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
R
t
L
28
The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,

i.e., during the period chopper is OFF
At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at
the end of the off period, the load current is
iO tOFF I min
29
To Find I max & I min

From equation
At
R
R

t
V E
L
L
iO t
1 e
I min e
R
t tON dT , iO t I max
I max
V E
1 e
R
dRT
I min e
dRT
30
From equation
iO t I max e
At
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
R
t
L
t tOFF T tON , iO t I min

t tOFF 1 d T
31
1 d RT
E
L
I min I max e
1 e L
R
Substituting for I min in equation
1 d RT
I max
V E
1 e
R
I max
dRT
V 1 e L
RT
R
1 e L
dRT
L
I min e
dRT
L
we get,
E
R
32
Substituting for I max in equation

I min I max e
1 d RT
L
1 d RT
E
1 e L
R
we get,
V e 1 E
I min
RT
R
R L
e 1
I max I min is known as the steady state ripple.
dRT
L
33
Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current

I I max I min
Average output voltage
Vdc d .V
Average output current
I max I min
I dc approx
2
34
Assuming load current varies linearly

from I min to I max instantaneous
load current is given by
iO I min
I .t
for 0 t tON dT
dT
I max I min
iO I min
t
dT
35
RMS value of load current

I O RMS
I O RMS
I O RMS
dT
dT
dT
dT
dT
dT
2
i
0 dt
0
I max I min t
I min
dt
dT
2
2
I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t
I min
dt
t
dT
dT
36
RMS value of output current

2
2
I max I min
I O RMS I min
I min I max I min
3
RMS chopper current
I CH
I CH
dT
dT
1
2
i dt
2
0
I max I min
0 I min dT

t dt

37
I max I min
d I min
I min I max I min
3
I CH
I CH d I O RMS
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
38
1
2
Where
I S Average source current
I S dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc
39
Principle Of Step-up Chopper

I
L
+
D
+
V
Chopper
L
O
A
D
VO
40
Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load

voltage higher than the input voltage V.
The values of L and C are chosen depending
upon the requirement of output voltage and
current.
When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
The inductor current I rises and the inductor
stores energy during the ON time of the
chopper, tON.
41
When the chopper is off, the inductor current I

is forced to flow through the diode D and load
for a period, tOFF.
The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO V L
i.e., VO V
dt
42
A large capacitor C connected across the

load, will provide a continuous output voltage .
Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
Step up choppers are used for regenerative
braking of dc motors.
43
Expression For Output Voltage

Assume the average inductor current to be
I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I .tON
Where tON ON period of chopper.
44
When Chopper is OFF

(energy is supplied by inductor to load)
Voltage across L VO V
Energy supplied by inductor L VO V ItOFF

where tOFF OFF period of Chopper.
Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor
L = energy supplied by inductor L
45
VItON VO V ItOFF
VO
V tON tOFF
tOFF
T
VO V
T tON
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching.
46
T tON tOFF
1
VO V
tON
1
T
1
VO V
1 d
tON
Where d
duty cyle
T
47
For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the

range of 0 d 1 the output voltage VO
will vary in the range V VO
48
Performance Parameters
The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.
49
Problem
A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the
load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the
conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.
50
V 460 V, Vdc = 350 V,

Chopping period
Output voltage
f = 2 kHz
1
T
f
1
T
0.5 m sec
3
2 10
tON
Vdc
V
T
51
Conduction period of thyristor

T Vdc
tON
V
3
0.5 10 350
tON
460
tON 0.38 msec
52
Problem
Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The
output required is 600 V. If the conducting time
of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
Chopping frequency,
If the pulse width is halved for constant
frequency of operation, find the new output
voltage.
53
V 200 V , tON 200 s, Vdc 600V

T
Vdc V
T tON
T
600 200
6
T 200 10
Solving for T
T 300 s
54
Chopping frequency
1
f
T
1
f
3.33KHz
6
300 10
Pulse width is halved
tON
200 10
100 s
55
Frequency is constant
f 3.33KHz
1
T 300 s
f
T
Output voltage = V
T tON
300 106
200
300
Volts
6
300
100
10
56
Problem
A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and
input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON,
its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping
frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%,
determine the average output voltage and the
chopper on time.
57
VS 220V , R 20, f 10 kHz

tON
d
0.80
T
Vch = Voltage drop across chopper = 1.5 volts
tON
Vdc
VS Vch
T
Vdc 0.80 220 1.5 174.8 Volts
58
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
Chopping period,
1
T
f
1
3
T
0.110 secs 100 secs
3
10 10
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
tON 0.80 0.110
tON 0.08 103 80 secs

59
Problem
In a dc chopper, the average load current is
30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply
voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and
OFF periods of the chopper if the load
resistance is 2 ohms.
60
I dc 30 Amps, f 250 Hz , V 110 V , R 2

1
1
Chopping period, T
4 10 3 4 msecs
f 250
Vdc
I dc
& Vdc dV
R
dV
I dc
R
I dc R 30 2
d
0.545
V
110
61
Chopper ON period,
3
tON dT 0.545 4 10 2.18 msecs

Chopper OFF period,
tOFF T tON
3
tOFF 4 10 2.18 10
tOFF 1.82 10 1.82 msec

62
A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of

R = 10 and input voltage of V = 200 V.
When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V
and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the
duty cycle is 60%, determine
Effective input resistance of chopper
Chopper efficiency.
63
Chopper
i0
R v0
V 200 V , R 10, Chopper voltage drop Vch 2V

d 0.60, f 1 kHz.
64

Vdc d V Vch
Vdc 0.60 200 2 118.8 Volts
VO d V Vch
VO 0.6 200 2 153.37 Volts
65
Effective input resistance of chopper is

V
V
Ri
I S I dc
Vdc 118.8
I dc
11.88 Amps
R
10
V
V
200
Ri
16.83
I S I dc 11.88
Output power is
1
PO
T
dT
2
0
v
1
dt
R
T
dT
V Vch
R
dt
66
d V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 2
PO
10
2352.24 watts
Input power,
1
Pi
T
1
PO
T
dT
Vi dt
O
V V Vch
0 R dt
dT
67
dV V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 200 2
PO
2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
100
Pi
2352.24
100 99%
2376
68
Problem
A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
Average load current
69
L 5 H , R 10, f 1000 Hz,

V 200 V , tON : tOFF 2 : 3
Chopping period,
1
1
T
1 msecs
f 1000
tON 2
tOFF 3
tON
2
tOFF
3
70
T tON tOFF
2
T tOFF tOFF
3
5
T tOFF
3
tOFF
3
T
5
3
3
T 110 0.6 msec
5
71
tON T tOFF
tON 1 0.6 103 0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d
0.4
3
T
110
Maximum value of load current is given by
V 1 e
RT
R
1 e L
I max
dRT
L
E
R
72
Since there is no voltage source in

the load circuit, E = 0
I max
dRT
V 1 e L
RT
R
1 e L
I max
200 1 e
101103
10
1 e 5
0.4101103
73
1 e
20
2103
1 e
8.0047A
0.8103
I max
I max
Minimum value of load current with E = 0

is given by
I min
dRT
V e L 1
RT
R
L
e
1
74
200 e
1
I min
7.995
A
3
10 101510
e
1
Average load current
I max I min
I dc
2
8.0047 7.995
I dc
8 A
2
0.4101103
5
75
Problem
A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH,
f = 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
Average value of load current.
RMS load current.
Effective input resistance as seen by source.
RMS chopper current.
76
V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1
1
3
T
110 secs
3
f 110
Chopper
i0
+
R
FWD
L
E
v0
77
Maximum value of load current is given by

I max
I max
I max
dRT
V 1 e L E
RT
R
R
1 e L
3
0.5
10
5103
200 1 e
51103
5
1 e 5103
1 e0.5
40
24.9 A
1
1 e
78
Minimum value of load current is given by

I min
I min
I min
dRT
L
V e 1 E
RT
R
R L
e 1
3
0.5
10
3
200 e 510
1
0
3
5110
5
e 5103 1
e0.5 1
40 1
15.1 A
e 1
79
Average value of load current is

I1 I 2
I dc
2
for linear variation of currents
24.9 15.1
I dc
20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
2
I O RMS
2
2
I max I min
I min
I min I max I min
3
80
24.9 15.1
2
15.1
15.1 24.9 15.1
3
I O RMS
1
2
96.04
I O RMS 228.01
147.98 20.2 A
3
RMS chopper current is given by

I ch d I O RMS 0.5 20.2 14.28 A
81
1
2
Effective input resistance is

V
Ri
IS
I S = Average source current
I S dI dc
I S 0.5 20 10 A
Therefore effective input resistance is
V 200
Ri
20
IS
10
82
Classification Of Choppers
Choppers are classified as
Class A Chopper
Class B Chopper
Class C Chopper
Class D Chopper
Class E Chopper
83
Class A Chopper
i0
v0
Chopper
V
FWD
L
O
A
D
v0 V
i0
84
When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is

connected across the load.
When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load
current continues to flow in the same direction
through the FWD.
The average values of output voltage and
current are always positive.
Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .
85
Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper in

which power always flows form source to load.
It is used to control the speed of dc motor.
The output current equations obtained in step
down chopper with R-L load can be used to
study the performance of Class A Chopper.
86
ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
FWD Conducts
v0
Output voltage
tON
t
T
87
Class B Chopper
D
i0
v0
+
R
L v0
V
Chopper
i0
88
When chopper is ON, E drives a current

through L and R in a direction opposite to that
shown in figure.
During the ON period of the chopper, the
inductance L stores energy.
When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and
part of the energy stored in inductor L is
returned to the supply.
89
Average output voltage is positive.

Average output current is negative.
Therefore Class B Chopper operates in second
quadrant.
In this chopper, power flows from load to
source.
Class B Chopper is used for regenerative
braking of dc motor.
Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper.
90
ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0
tOFF
tON
T
Output current
Imax
Imin
v0
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
Output voltage
t
91
Expression for Output Current
92
During the interval diode 'D' conducts

voltage equation is given by
LdiO
V
RiO E
dt
For the initial condition i.e.,
iO t I min at t 0
The solution of the above equation is obtained
along similar lines as in step-down chopper
with R-L load
93
V E
iO t
1 e
R
At t tOFF
R
t
L
I min e
R
t
L
0 t tOFF
iO t I max
V E
1 e
R
I max
I min e
During the interval chopper is ON voltage

equation is given by
R
tOFF
L
LdiO
0
RiO E
dt
R
tOFF
L
94
Redefining the time origin, at t 0 iO t I max

The solution for the stated initial condition is
iO t I max e
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
At t tON
I min I max e
R
tON
L
iO t I min
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
R
tON
L
0 t tON
95
Class C Chopper
CH1
D1
i0
v0
V
CH2
D2
L v0
Chopper
E
i0
96
Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A

and Class B Choppers.
For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2
conducts.
For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or
D1 conducts.
When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive.
The output voltage is equal to V & the load
receives power from the source.
When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in
inductance L forces current to flow through the
diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.
97
Current continues to flow in positive direction.

When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces
current to flow in opposite direction through L
and CH2 .
The output voltage is zero.
On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the
inductance drives current through diode D1 and
the supply
Output voltage is V, the input current becomes
negative and power flows from load to source.
98
Average output voltage is positive

Average output current can take both positive
and negative values.
Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned
ON simultaneously as it would result in short
circuiting the supply.
Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor
control and regenerative braking of dc motor.
Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or
step-down chopper.
99
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2
Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
D1
CH1
ON
D2
CH2
ON
D1
CH1
ON
V0
D2
CH2
ON
Output voltage
t
100
Class D Chopper
v0
CH1
D2
R i0
V
+
v0
D1
i0
CH2
101
Class D is a two quadrant chopper.

When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered
simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V and
output current flows through the load.
When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load
current continues to flow in the same direction
through load, D1 and D2 , due to the energy
stored in the inductor L.
Output voltage vO = - V .
102
Average load voltage is positive if chopper

ON time is more than the OFF time
Average output voltage becomes negative if
tON < tOFF .
Hence the direction of load current is always
positive but load voltage can be positive or
negative.
103
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2
Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
v0
CH1,CH2
ON
t
D1,D2 Conducting
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
104
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2
Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1
CH2
t
D1, D2
v0
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
105
Class E Chopper
CH1
i0
CH3
D1
R
+
CH2
v0
D2
D3
CH4
D4
106
Four Quadrant Operation

v0
CH2 - D4 Conducts
D1 - D4 Conducts
CH1 - CH4 ON
CH4 - D2 Conducts
i0
CH3 - CH2 ON
CH2 - D4 Conducts
D2 - D3 Conducts
CH4 - D2 Conducts
107
Class E is a four quadrant chopper

When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output
current iO flows in positive direction through
CH1 and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V.
This gives the first quadrant operation.
When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy
stored in the inductor L drives iO through D2
and D3 in the same direction, but output
voltage vO = -V.
108
Therefore the chopper operates in the

fourth quadrant.
When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load
current iO flows in opposite direction & output
voltage vO = -V.
Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper
operates in third quadrant.
109
When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load

current iO continues to flow in the same
direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage
vO = V.
Therefore the chopper operates in second
quadrant as vO is positive but iO is negative.
110
Effect Of Source &

Load Inductance
The source inductance should be as small as
possible to limit the transient voltage.
Also source inductance may cause
commutation problem for the chopper.
Usually an input filter is used to overcome the
problem of source inductance.
111
The load ripple current is inversely

proportional to load inductance and chopping
frequency.
Peak load current depends on load inductance.
To limit the load ripple current, a smoothing
inductor is connected in series with the load.
112
Problem
For the first quadrant chopper shown in figure,
express the following variables as functions of V,
R and duty cycle d in case load is resistive.
Average output voltage and current
Output current at the instant of commutation
Average and RMS free wheeling diode current.
RMS and average thyristor currents.
113
i0
Chopper
V
FWD
+
L
O
A
D
v0
114
tON
Average output voltage, Vdc
V dV
T
Vdc dV
Average output current, I dc
R
R
The thyristor is commutated at the instant t tON
V
output current at the instant of commutation is
R
since V is the output voltage at that instant.
115
Free wheeling diode (FWD) will never

conduct in a resistive load.
Average & RMS free wheeling diode
currents are zero.
VO RMS
But
tON
v dt
2
0
vO V during tON
116
VO RMS
VO RMS
tON
V
dt
tON
V
T
2
VO RMS dV
tON
Where duty cycle, d
T
117
RMS value of thyristor current

= RMS value of load current
VO RMS
R
dV
R
Average value of thyristor current
= Average value of load current
dV
R
118
Impulse
Commutated Chopper
Impulse commutated choppers are widely used
in high power circuits where load fluctuation is
not large.
This chopper is also known as
Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper
Voltage commutated chopper
Classical chopper.
119
T1
LS
+
iT1
IL
C
_
b
T2
FWD
iC
VS
D1
+
L
O
A
D
vO
_
120
To start the circuit, capacitor C is initially

charged with polarity (with plate a positive)
by triggering the thyristor T2.
Capacitor C gets charged through VS, C, T2
and load.
As the charging current decays to zero thyristor
T2 will be turned-off.
With capacitor charged with plate a positive
the circuit is ready for operation.
Assume that the load current remains constant
during the commutation process.
121
For convenience the chopper operation is

divided into five modes.
Mode-1
Mode-2
Mode-3
Mode-4
Mode-5
122
Mode-1 Operation
T1
LS
+
IL
+
VC
_C
iC
VS
L
D1
L
O
A
D
_
123
Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
The supply voltage comes across the load.
Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
At the same time capacitor discharges through
T1, D1, L1, & C and the capacitor reverses its
voltage.
This reverse voltage on capacitor is held
constant by diode D1.
124
Capacitor Discharge Current

C
iC t V
sin t
L
1
Where
LC
& Capacitor Voltage
VC t V cos t
125
Mode-2 Operation
IL
+
LS
VC
VS
IL
C
T2
L
O
A
D
_
126
Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate

thyristor T1.
When T2 is ON capacitor voltage reverse
biases T1 and turns if off.
The capacitor discharges through the load from
V to 0.
Discharge time is known as circuit turn-off
time.
127
Circuit turn-off time is given by

VC C
tC
IL
Where I L is load current.
t C depends on load current, it must be designed
for the worst case condition which occur at the
maximum value of load current and minimum
value of capacitor voltage.
128
Capacitor recharges back to the supply voltage

(with plate a positive).
This time is called the recharging time and is
given by
VS C
td
IL
The total time required for the capacitor to
discharge and recharge is called the
commutation time and it is given by tr tC td
129
At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged

to VS and the free wheeling diode starts
conducting.
130
Mode-3 Operation
IL
+
LS
VS
IL
_C
T2
VS
FWD
L
O
A
D
_
131
FWD starts conducting and the load current

decays.
The energy stored in source inductance LS is
transferred to capacitor.
Hence capacitor charges to a voltage higher
than supply voltage, T2 naturally turns off.
132
The instantaneous capacitor voltage is

VC t VS I L
LS
sin S t
C
Where
1
LS C
133
Mode-4 Operation
LS
+
IL
+
VC
_C
L
O
A
D
D1
VS
L
FWD
134
Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage

is above supply voltage.
Capacitor starts discharging in reverse
direction.
Hence capacitor current becomes negative.
The capacitor discharges through LS, VS, FWD,
D1 and L.
When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop
conducting and the capacitor voltage will be
same as the supply voltage
135
Mode-5 Operation
IL
FWD
L
O
A
D
Both thyristors are off

and the load current
flows through the FWD.
This mode will end once
thyristor T1 is fired.
136
ic
Capacitor Current
IL
0
Ip
iT1
IL
t
Ip
Current through T1
t
137
vT1
Voltage across T1
Vc
0
vo
Vs+Vc
Output Voltage
Vs
vc
Vc
t
Capacitor Voltage
-Vc
tc
td
138
Disadvantages
A starting circuit is required and the starting
circuit should be such that it triggers thyristor
T2 first.
Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply
voltage when the commutation is initiated.
The discharging and charging time of
commutation capacitor are dependent on the
load current and this limits high frequency
operation, especially at low load current.
139
Chopper cannot be tested without connecting

load.
Thyristor T1 has to carry load current as well
as resonant current resulting in increasing its
peak current rating.
140

DC Choppers

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DC Choppers

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DC Choppers

Choppers are of Two Types

A step-down chopper with resistive load.

Vdc Average value of output or load voltage.

Average Output Voltage

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Average Output Current

But during tON , vo V

Effective input resistance of chopper

Pulse Width Modulation

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Variable Frequency Control

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

When chopper is ON, supply is connected

Load current can be continuous or

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,

i.e., during the period chopper is ON.

When Chopper is OFF

When Chopper is OFF 0 t tOFF

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,

To Find I max & I min

t tOFF T tON , iO t I min

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Substituting for I min in equation

Substituting for I max in equation

Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current

Assuming load current varies linearly

RMS value of load current

RMS value of output current

RMS chopper current

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load

When the chopper is off, the inductor current I

A large capacitor C connected across the

Expression For Output Voltage

When Chopper is OFF

Energy supplied by inductor L VO V ItOFF

For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the

V 460 V, Vdc = 350 V,

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Conduction period of thyristor

V 200 V , tON 200 s, Vdc 600V

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

VS 220V , R 20, f 10 kHz

tON 0.08 103 80 secs

I dc 30 Amps, f 250 Hz , V 110 V , R 2

tON dT 0.545 4 10 2.18 msecs

tOFF 1.82 10 1.82 msec

A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of

V 200 V , R 10, Chopper voltage drop Vch 2V

Average output voltage

Effective input resistance of chopper is

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

L 5 H , R 10, f 1000 Hz,

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT