SASIDHAR KUMAR REDDY

11308103011
III YEAR CIVIL

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Energy in Buildings
Buildings are inherently linked to their usage and
surroundings and hence their indoor environment is the
result of a range of interactions affected by seasonal and daily
changes in climate and by the requirements of occupants
varying in time and space.
The design of buildings in the mid-late twentieth century has
sought to eliminate the effect of outdoor daily and seasonal
changes through the use of extensive heating, cooling,
lighting and ventilation equipment, resulting in spiraling
energy consumption and environmental impact.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Introduction-Energy Management
Energy used in buildings accounts for almost half
of the total amount of energy consumed in the
European Community today.
Almost 85% of the energy used in buildings is for
low temperature applications such as space and
water heating.
Appropriate building designs involving clean and
efficient technologies are already available and
there use may help to reduce future energy
consumption as well as to provide a better quality
of life for citizens.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Introduction-Energy Management
With fossil fuels the primary energy source, the building
sector currently produces 22% of total CO2 emissions in
the EC. This is more than that produced by the industrial
sector.
Intelligently designed buildings are those that involve
environmentally responsive design taking into account
the surroundings and building usage and involving the
selection of appropriate building services and control
systems to further enhance building operation with a view
to the reduction of energy consumption and
environmental impact over its lifetime.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Energy in Buildings

The purpose of energy management in buildings, and

hence the role of the building energy manager, is to
identify the areas in building stock where energy is used
in excess.

Energy consumption in building is required for the

following uses:

Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Lighting
Equipment and machinery
Domestic hot water

Indoor Comfort

Thermal comfort

Visual Comfort

Indoor air quality

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Thermal Comfort

Comfort is defined as the sensation of complete physical and mental

well being.
Thermal neutrality, where an individual desires neither a warmer nor
a colder environment, is a necessary condition for thermal comfort.
The factors affecting comfort are divided into personal variables:

activity

Clothing
and environmental variables,

(air temperature,

mean radiant temperature

air velocity

air humidity

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Thermal Comfort Energy Balance

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Visual Comfort
Visual comfort is the main determinant of lighting
requirements.
Good lighting provide a suitable intensity and direction of
illumination on the task area, appropriate colour rendering,
the absence of discomfort and, in addition, a satisfying
variety in lighting quality and intensity from place to place
and over time.
Peoples lighting preferences vary with age, gender, time and
season. The activity to be performed is critically important.
Various agencies (ASHRAE, CIBSE, etc.) and text books list
optimal illuminances for different activities. These are
generally based on uniform and constant levels of artificial
light falling on the working plane.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Visual Comfort Illuminance levels

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Visual Comfort
Natural light comes from three
directions:

Direct Sunlight

Diffuse light from the sky,

and

Light Reflections from the

Environment

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Indoor air Quality

During the last three decades, decreased ventilation rates for energy
conservation, along with increased use of synthetic (i.e. man-made)
materials in buildings have resulted in increased health complaints
from building occupants. However, energy efficiency and good indoor
air quality in buildings need not be mutually exclusive.

In fact, in 1986 the WHO (World Health Organisation) reported that

"energy-efficient but sick buildings often cost society far more than it
gains by energy savings".
The result of the reductions in ventilation rates in buildings have led
to the so called "Sick Building Syndrome" (SBS) and "Building Related
Illness" (BRI).

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Indoor air Quality Ventilation

There are two types of ventilation: natural and mechanical.
Natural ventilation includes the movement of outdoor air

through intentional openings such as doors and windows and

through unintentional openings in the building shell scuch as
cracks which result in infiltration and exfiltration.
Mechanical or forced ventilation is intentional ventilation
supplied by fans or blowers. These fans are usually part of the
buildings HVAC system which heats, cools, mixes and filters the
air being supplied to the building.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Climate
Climate responsive design in buildings takes into account

the following climatic parameters which have direct

influence on indoor thermal comfort and energy
consumption in buildings:

The air temperature,

The humidity,
The prevailing wind direction and speed,
The amount of solar radiation and the solar path.
Long wave radiation between other buildings and the
surrounding environment and sky also plays a major role in
building performance.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Climate
The outdoor air temperature has a significant effect

on building thermal losses due to conduction

through the walls and roof of the building, as well as
affecting ventilation and infiltration losses due to
either desirable or undesirable air changes.
In warm climates the relative humidity plays an
important role in determining thermal comfort levels,
since during warm weather the high pressure of water
vapour prevents the evaporation of perspiration from
the body thereby inhibiting the body from being
maintained at a comfortable temperature.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Macroclimate is a term referring to the general climatic character of a

region in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine
and cloud cover. An appreciation of the overall characterisation of the
climate of a region is a fundamental requirement for climate responsive
building design, this affecting the general design principles which should
be followed.
Regional climatic factors are strongly affected by the local topography,
vegetation and the nature of the area, resulting in deviations from the
regional macroclimate. The effect of such factors results in climatic
characteristics known as the mesoclimate. Heavily vegetated or densely
built-up areas have a significant impact on the climate of a specific
location.
The conditions of the climatic parameters of a specific site or around a
building are termed the microclimate. Temperature, humidity, wind
speed, and solar radiation around a building can be affected by the
deliberate placement of vegetation, landscaping, water and fountains,
and positioning of constructions

Building Climate interaction

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Building Envelope
The building envelope responds dynamically to the impact of the

outdoor climate on the envelope exterior and the effect of the

occupancy pattern and building usage on the interior.
However, the performance of the heating, ventilation and airconditioning systems, artificial lighting, fenestration opening and
shading can be harmonized and optimized in response to
occupancy needs and climatic conditions through a building
energy management system which allows direct control of the
necessary actuators either manually or automatically.
In this manner the individual components of the building can be
controlled to produce the best possible indoor environment with
minimum energy consumption.

Intelligent Buildings Technology

Heat transfer
Conduction - C
Radiation - R
Convection - C

Intelligent Construction Limited provides a full spectrum

of preconstruction services

As you would expect from one of the leading construction firms.

The Intelligent Construction Limited difference lies in our ability to confidently and
consistently interpret and deliver results as only a true builder can do.

Budget Development and Estimating

Intelligent Construction Limited preconstruction teams understand how critical our
early estimates are to your project's success. We practice a continuous process of cost
control beginning on the day we are selected as part of the project team. From that day
forward, we focus on realistic budgeting, accurate documentation and ongoing review
of costs to help your maximize your budget dollars.