PRINSIP ALAT LiDAR

Pengukur Jarak Laser (Cahaya)

Teknologi ini menggunakan cahaya laser. Ia dapat mengukur

jarak dengan mengukur ketumpatan cahaya laser yang
dibalikkan. Dengan menggunakan asas matematik, kedudukan
sesuatu jarak dapat diketahui dengan persamaan di bawah :

JARAK = ( Laju cahaya x Masa ) / 2

PENGENALAN teknologi LiDAR

LiDAR adalah satu kaedah pengukuran ketinggian para
mukabumi dengan menggunakan teknologi laser

Satu sistem penderiaan aktif, boleh menembusi awan

nipis
Data asas yang telah diortorektifikasi
Mengatasi masalah kelewatan pengukuran titik kawal
bumi

LIDAR ACCURACY

Vertical
better than 15 cm at 1,200 m
better than 35 cm at 3,000 m
Horizontal
better than 1/2,000 x altitude

PERBANDINGAN RINGKAS FOOTPRINT

DAN GARIS PENERBANGAN
Camera and lens
Type

Image Size
(mm)

Focal Length
(f) (mm)

Field of
View
(degree
)

Image Scale at
1000m flying
height (H)
(f/H)

Footprint at
1000m flying
height
(meter)

No. of
flight
lines for
30x30km
and 30%
sidelap

RC 30 Narrow

230 x 230

600-610

30-35

1:1666

383.2 x 383.2

111

RC 30 Normal

230 x 230

300-305

60-80

1:3333

766.6 x 766.6

56

RC 30 Wide

230 x 230

150-153

90-95

1:6666

1533.2 x 1533.2

28

RC 30 Super wide

230 x 230

85-88

120-130

1:11764

2705.7 x 2705.7

16

ALTM-DCS
ALSS- ALTM 3070

*GSD

37 x 37
(4077x4092
pix)
-

66
55

36

50
(max)

= Ground Sample distance

= pixel size x image scale factor
= 0.009 mm x 18181
= 0.163m

1:18181
(*GSD=0.163m)

667.1 x 669.6

932.6
(swath width)

46

PRINSIP LiDAR
(1) Pantulan Laser

Pulse Rate Frequency(PRF)

2nd Return

First-pulse

3rd Return

Mengukur jarak bagi objek pertama

yang dipantulkan.
Contoh disebelah menunjukkan
pantulan cahaya pada pokok dan tanah
disekitarnya.

Last-pulse
Mengukur jarak bagi objek terakhir
yang dipantulkan.
Contohnya seperti bangunan, tanah,
pokok, bukit, air dan sebagainya.

Bersambung

1st Return
2nd Return
3rd Return

Last Return

4 PANTULAN LASER
YANG DIAMBIL
1st Return

2nd Return

3rd Return

Last Return

PRINSIP PANTULAN LiDAR

Altitude (km)
< 1.5
< 2.0
< 3.0

Hz
< 70,000
< 50,000
< 33,000

CIRI-CIRI PANTULAN LiDAR

High Reflectivity:
Permukaan Tanah Cerah
Rumput
Pokok
Air (berombak/ bergerak)

Low Reflectivity:

Permukaan Tanah Gelap

Tanah Hitam spt. Tar, Tanah
Berturap dll (Asphalt)
Lombong Batu Arang (Coal)
Permukaan Basah (Wet surface)
Kasawan Berlumpur (Mud)
Air (tidak berombak)

Highly Reflective Materials = Strong Return

Signal
Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pantulan :

Ketinggian (Elevation)
Kandungan (Composition)
Kepadatan (Density)
Orientasi/Kedudukan ke sensor (Orientation to the
sensor)

PRINSIP LiDAR
( 2 ) Scanning

o Scan Rate: < 70 Hz

o FOV: < 25 (Half Angle)

Depending on the laser altimeter used and the altitude of operation

above ground spot sizes of 20 cm (8") to 25 m (85 ft) and strip widths of
50 m

(150 ft) to 9 km (6 mi) can be achieved.

Laser Foot Print

Narrow beam
divergence
Spread of laser
limits accuracy if
laser spot on
ground gets too
large

Spot sizes of 5
30 cm are useful
and necessary for
canopy
penetration

D = H*a
Where:
a
H

D = Spot Size
H = Height
a = Beam
Divergence
Angle in Radius

LiDAR MENGGUNAKAN AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING SYSTEM (ALSS)

LiDAR menggabungkan tiga teknologi canggih iaitu :

Kedudukan kapalterbang ditentukan menggunakan teknologi
penentuan titik sejagat/ kedudukan (Global Positioning System:
Keadaan/orientasi kapalterbang (Yaw, Pitch and Roll) semasa
GPS).
pengukuran
direkodkan menggunakan sistem INS (Inertial Navigation System) /
IMU
Measurement
Unit),
(Inertial
Jarak dari
ALSS ke mukabumi
di ukur menggunakan laser

 Ketiga tiga data ini kemudiannya digabungkan untuk menghitung koordinat

mukabumi dalam 3 dimensi.
Ketepatan yang dapat diperolehi menggunakan teknologi ini dilapurkan
sebanyak +/- 15cm bagi satah pugak dan =/- 0.5 m bagi kedudukan
mendatar

LiDAR

(ALSS-Airborne Laser Scanning System &Combined

DCS-Digital Camera
System)
ALSS

Computer Rack

(1)

Sensor Head
(2)

DCS

(3)
(5)

(4)

Digital Camera

Operator &
Flight
Navigation
Interface
Laptop

LiDAR basic output

( 1 ) Laser Points

Laser points of Cameron Highlands

( 2 ) Digital Image

Digital images of Cameron Highlands

Produk LiDAR
(1) Data Intensity

4000 shades of Gray Scale

Recorded at all flight altitudes

(2) Bahagian Ketinggian (Shaded Relief)

(3) Kontur

(4) Grid/TIN
(5)DTM/DE
M
(6) Ortofoto**

APLIKASI DATA LiDAR

( 1 ) Urban Survey
( 2 ) Power Line Mapping

( 3 ) Flood Simulation
( 4 ) Vegetation Removed
( 5 ) Forestry & Biomass Estimates

( 6 ) Coastal Areas : Erosion

Monitoring
( 7 ) Flood Study
( 8 ) Disaster Assessment
( 9 ) Urban Mapping

( 1 ) Urban Survey
Downtown Toronto

Ortofoto & Kadester Lot

( 2 ) Power Line Mapping

Canada
Route assessment
Vegetation encroachment assessment
Prevention of accidental power line cutoff
Electrical load assessment
Forest fire prevention
Safety assessment

( 6 ) Erosion
Monitoring
Coastal Areas

Erosion area

1998
1999
2001
2000

( 8 ) Disaster Assessment
Taiwan

LiDAR Coverage & Processing Time Estimation

Assumptions :
Flying Ht : 1000 m (~3300 ft)
Speed : 100 knots (~50m/sec)
Field Of View : 37o
Swath Width : 669 m
Flying Times : 1 hour

Estimation :

Unclassified Processing Time : 120 sq km/hour

Laser Points Processing Time : 8-12 hours

Sensors
Laser +
Receiver
System
GPS/IMU
Digital Imaging
System

Post-Processing

Output

Intensity
Measurement

Feature Classification
Aided by Intensity Measurement

Laser Pulse
Range Data
Raw
Data

Lat, Long, Height,

Roll, Pitch, Heading
Digital Images
(TIFF, JPEG, IMG)

LAS
Processed
Data

(LIDAR Point
Data Records)

X, Y, Z point data

Geo-Referenced
Image (GeoTIFF)

ALSS and DCS Processing

Overview

ALSS
(Airborne Laser Scanning System)
Creating a Database
Adding a Database

REALM
ALTM System
ALTM Tapes
Decoding Tapes

Airborne & Base

Station GPS Processing
SBET Files Processing
POSPAC
Blending GPS & IMU Data

SBET File Output

DCS
(Digital Camera System)

ISAT Ready Image

Importing a BET
Define Polygon
Processing Laser Points
Defining Processing Area
Combining Laser Points
REALM
Output Laser Points
(First and last pulse an Intensity)

Create Project
Setup Camera With IO Parameters
Drag In Images Import EO File
ORTHOPRO (ISAT)
Ortho Rectification
Seam Line Generation

Clean Data
Classification
Manually QC Clean
Geoid Correction
TERRASCAN
Surface
Contour

Lattice Grid
Contour Editting
TERRAMODELLER
Point Cloud
DEM

Downloading
Developing
RGB
IMAGEVUE / IMAGEMISSION

Dark and Gain Correction

Image View
PRODUCTS

PRODUCTS

Orthophoto

DEM
Contour

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR)

Satellite-based, stereo SAR processing

Data source: RadarSat 1
Acquired in 2003
DEM and orthorectified imagery by Q4,
2003
DEM Accuracy: 25 m

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR)

SAMPLE IMAGE

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR):

PRODUCTS

DEM

Orthoimage