The International Maritime

Language Programme
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
View the presentation about the grammatical topic that
you wish to see.
Then do the exercises on the exercise-page(s).
----------------------------------------------------------Exercises:
first determine what to fill in,
then click, or press enter the correct answer will now appear in the text.
Then listen to the answer by clicking on
.
s

Click on
to return to the explanatory page
of the grammatical topic.
----------------------------------------------------------Do the exercise again until you do not make any mistakes
anymore.
Then fill in the corresponding exercises in the
IMLP-coursebook.
Table of contents

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Lectures and exercises

Unit One: Tenses.

1.1 - present simple
1.2 - present continuous (-ing)
1.3 - past simple
1.4 - past continuous (-ing)
1.5 - present perfect
1.6 - present perfect continuous (-ing)
1.7 - past perfect (pluperfect)

Unit Two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.1 - can / could/ to be able to
2.2 - must / should (have) / to have to
2.3 - may / might / to be allowed to
2.4 - shall / will / would
2.5 - to do (questions)
2.6 - to do (negations)

Unit Three: Passive voice.

3.1 - active voice and passive voice
3.2 - present and past tenses
3.3 - perfect

Unit Four: Sentence Building.

4.1 - verb(s) + object / place + time

Unit Five: Irregular verbs.

Unit one: Tenses.

1.1 - present simple.
Examples:
I always play football.
We often work for them.
It rains here a lot.
He teaches English.

The present tense is used to indicate a generality something that happens all the time.
This may be indicated by using words such as often,
never, usually, every day, etc.
==============================

The present tense is formed by

1 - the stem of the verb (talk / work / rain / teach);
2 - the stem + s with third person singular
(he talks / she works / it rains );
3 - the stem + es (pronounced [IZ]) with third person
singular when the stem ends with s, z or ch
(presses / freezes / teaches).
----------------------------------------------------Note:
the following verbs have only one form:
can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should.

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.1 - present simple - fill in: stem or stem + s.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

1 - We always ..to
France for our holidays.
go

(to go)

overhauls
2 - The engineer..the
bilge pump once a month.
(to overhaul)
3 - She usually the
visits
theatre on sundays.
(to visit)
4 - My father is a teacher at the Nautical institute; he
teaches
engineering.
( to teach)
5 - I .
.
play .soccer and my brother ..hockey
plays

(to play)

6 - We always .......great
attention to sailing yachts that...
pay
enter
the fairway.
(to pay / to enter)

approaches too fast or too

berths
7 - Any vessel that ...
close
to other vessels will receive a penalty. (to approach / berth)
8 - The first mate ........the
cargo documents before
fills in
the vessel
(to fill in / to depart)
departs .
9 - They usually .
give us permission to enter the channel
that ...into
the harbour basins.
(to give / to lead)
leads
10 - This chemical agent is very dangerous, because it ..
ignites
spontaneously and severe
causes
pollution.
(to ignite / to cause)

Unit one: Tenses.

1.2 - present continuous (-ing).
Examples:
I am doing it now.
He is talking about us.
We are working on it today.

The present continuous is used to indicate that the

action is happening now and is not finished yet.
=============================
The present continuous is formed by
am / are / is + stem + ing.
(I am doing it now)
-----------------------------------------------Note:
the following verbs do not have an ing-form:
can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.2 - present continuous - fill in: am / are / is + -ing.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

are going
1- We .
...on holiday today.

(to go)

is overhauling
2- The engineer...the
bilge pump now. (to overhaul)
am running
3- I must hurry, because I .behind
schedule with my
work.
(to run)
are waiting start discharging the cargo, because
4- We ...to
is raining
itnow.
( to wait / to rain)
are increasing speed, because we want to overtake the
5- We...
vessel that ..ahead
of us. (to increase /to proceed)
is proceeding
is watching
6- The lookout.....the
sailing yachts that
...the
are entering
port.
(to watch / to enter)
are staying my sisters house;
7- My parents at
she..through
Europe with some friends.
is travelling
(to stay / to travel)
is filling in
8- The first mate ........the
cargo documents, so
we in
one hour.
(to fill in / to depart)
are departing
9- You .
.a collision course; instruction: you must
are steering
alter course to the North.
(to steer)
10- The oil spill .environmental
pollution along
is causing
the coast where many tourists .
are spending their holidays.
(to cause/ to spend)

Unit one: Tenses.

1.3 - past simple.
Examples:
He talked about us.
We worked with him until last year.
I did it yesterday.
They saw him there.

The past simple indicates that there is no connection

between past and present - the action that started in the
past is no longer going on.
(I saw him in town yesterday)
(I worked for him for 5 years;
-now I work for someone else).
===============================
1) the past simple of a regular verb is formed by the
stem + -ed (talked / worked);
2) the past simple of an irregular verb can be looked up
in the list.
(For a complete list of the irregular verbs:
)

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.3 - past simple - fill in: stem+ed or irregular verb (2nd row).
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

1 - When we were young we usually.to

France for our
went
holidays.
(to go)
overhauled
2 - Last week they ..the
bilge pump. (to overhaul)

saw play by
3 - Yesterday we the
visited
theatre and.a
Shakespeare.
(to visit / to see)
taugth
4 - Until 2 years ago my fatherEngineering
at the
Nautical Institute.
( to teach)
played soccer and my brother ..
5 - When we were young I ..
played
hockey .
(to play)
paid
entered
6 - We always ...great
attention to sailing yachts that.....
the port.
(to pay / to enter)
7 - The vessel .
collided with the embankment because she
...
..the quay too fast. (to collide / to approach)
approached
8 - The first mate .....
filled in the cargo documents before
the vessel
departed .
(to fill in / to depart)
9 - They ..
gave us permission to enter the channel that .into
led
the harbour basins.
(to give / to lead)
10 - The liquid ....
ignited spontaneously, which .
caused an
polluted the area.
oil spill that ...
(to ignite / to cause / to pollute)

Unit one: Tenses.

1.4 - past continuous (-ing).
Examples:
I was doing it for you.
He was talking about us.
We were working very hard.
The past continuous is used to indicate that the action
was going on at that moment.
===============================
The past continuous is formed by
was / were + stem + ing
(I was doing it for you).
-------------------------------------------------Note:
the following verbs do not have an ing-form:
can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should.

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.4 - past continuous - fill in: was / were + -ing.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

were
leaving
1 - We
just. .
.when he entered.

(to leave)

was overhauling
2 - The engineer..the
fuel pump when he
heard a strange noise.
(to overhaul)
were making serious
3 - I had to warn you, because you .a
mistake.
(to make)
were waiting start loading the cargo, because
4 - We ...to
was raining
it.very
hard at that time. ( to wait / to rain)
was increasing speed, because she intended
5 - The vessel...
were proceeding
to overtake the vessels that ......ahead
of her.
( to increase / to proceed)
6 - When we approached the entrance the lookout
......
was watching the sailing yachts that....
were entering the port.
(to watch / to enter)
7 - Last year my sister at
was staying my parents house when
they.....the
world on a passenger ship.
were travelling
(to stay / to travel)
8 - The Master ..........the
was filling in
cargo documents;
we .to
depart as soon as he had finished.
were going
(to fill in / to go)
9 - The first mate was on duty when the vessel .
..
was running
aground.
(to run)
10 - Soon the oil spill ..rapidly
along the coast
was spreading
were spending their holidays.
where many tourists ..
(to spread/ to spend)

Unit one: Tenses.

1.5 - present perfect.
Examples:
I have forgotten my money, so I cant pay you.
He has worked here for 5 years now and he still likes it.
We have been here for days now.

The present perfect indicates that there is a connection

between past and present.
This connection may be a result or a continuation of
something that started in the past and is still going on
now.
==================================
The present perfect is formed by
have or has + past participle;
the past participle of a regular verb is formed by
stem + -ed (worked);
the past participle of an irregular verb can be looked up
in the list.
(For a complete list of the irregular verbs:
)

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.5 - present perfect - fill in: have / has + past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

have lived here for years now, and I still like it! (to live)
1 - I ..
has
felt well lately. Therefore she .not
has
been
2 - She .....not.

at the office for days now.

(to feel / to be)
has had
3 - He this
job since December.
(to have)
4 - They here
for hours now - theyre still waiting!
have been
( to be)
have lost
5 - Have you seen my keys? I them.
( to lose)
6 - Since our departure the fuel consumption during the voyage
has
increased . We have
found. out yet what the cause is.
..
not
(to increase / to find)
have
heard from him for weeks now. (to hear)
7 - They
....not...

has reduced the fuel-flow to the engine?

8 - Who
(to reduce)
have used
9 - It seems that we ...the
wrong lubricant during our
home voyage.
(to use)
10 - Oil products the
environment for years now.
have polluted
(to pollute)

Unit one: Tenses.

1.6 - present perfect continuous (-ing).

Examples:
I have been doing this since last week.
He has been talking about it for hours now.
We have been working very hard all day.

The present perfect continuous is used to indicate how

long an activity has been going on - and is still going on.
================================
The present perfect continuous is formed by
have or has + been + ing
(I have been doing this since last week).

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.6 - present perfect continuous fill in: have / has + been + -ing.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

have been working ..on it for days;

1 - I .....
its nearly finished now!
has
been feeling
2 - She ......not...well
lately.

(to work)
(to feel )

have been discharging

3 - They ..the
cargo ever since the
vessel berthed along the embankment yesterday.
(to discharge)
have been talking for hours now, and you still
4 - You ....
havent convinced me!
( to talk)
have been searching
5 - Have you seen my keys? I ..
everywhere.
( to search)
has been rising
6 - The temperature ..steadily
ever since we
left.
(to rise)
7 - Look at your clothes! What
have you ...?!
been doing
(to do)

has been complaining about it for days now.

8 - He
(to complain)
9 - It seems that we ..the
wrong lubricant from
have been using
the day that we departed. (to use)
10 - This tanker ...the
environment for days
has been polluting
now.
(to pollute)

Unit one: Tenses.

1.7 - past perfect (pluperfect).

Examples:
I had never done it before.
He had talked about it many times.
We hadnt worked hard enough.

The past perfect is formed by

had + past participle.
================================
The past participle of a regular verb is formed by
stem + -ed (worked / invited / watched / played).
The past participle of an irregular verb can be looked up
in the list.
(For a complete list of the irregular verbs:
)

Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.7 - past perfect (pluperfect) - fill in: had + past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

1 - I didnt know him; I never

.him.
had
met

(to meet)

had lost
2 - She was ill for a long time; she.......much
weight.
(to lose )
had
done
3 - They made a lot of mistakes, because they ..never
.
it before.
(to do)
had altered
4 - The vessel ran aground, because the mate ....
course too late.
(to alter)
had
been
5 - I lost my way, because I never
....there
before.
( to be)
had dropped
6 - It was bitterly cold; the temperature ..to
minus 12 degrees C.
(to drop)
7 - They assured me that they
had taken care of everything.
(to take)
8 - After the investigation into the accident they
had accused
the first mate of negligence.
(to accuse)
9 He .everything
from the beginning; yet the
had denied
evidence against him was very strong.
(to deny)
10 - It was a disaster! The tanker ...the
entire coast.
had polluted
(to pollute)

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.1 - can / could / to be able to.

Examples:
I can do it .
I couldnt help him.
Can I come in, please?
You could be right!
There was a fire, but everybody was able to escape

Can , could and to be able to are used to

indicate a possibility or an ability.
Can is used to ask for permission in a polite way.
Could is used to indicate a strong possibility.
To be able to is used when there is a particular
situation.
=========================
Can and could only have one form;
to be able to = am / are / is / was / were + able to.

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.

2.1 - Fill in: can(t) / could / am/are/is/was/were + able to.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

1 - I have been ill for days, so I ..

cant come to your party.

were able convince him.

2 - At first he refused, but later we..to
could
3 - When he was young he was very strong. He .work
for
day without stopping.
Can borrow your pen, please?
4 - ..I
could be telling the truth.
5 - Were not sure, but they
6 - It was bitterly cold, so we not
.
were
able to start the engine
without preheating it first.
7 - Usually they
can assist you with it, but not tomorrow.
8 - Unfortunately he .not
to
assist you right now.
is
able
9 - ..
avoid the shoal when you entered the
Were you to
able
strait?
10 - ..
Can you please inform me whether there is a berth
available?

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.2 - must / should (have) / to have to.
Examples:
I must do it. / I have to do it.
They have to get up very early every morning.
We had to help him with it yesterday.
He must not be late for school.
We dont have to get up early tomorrow.
You should wear warmer clothes.
I think you should go home.
You should always be careful in traffic.
Must and to have to indicate a necessity;
to have to is stronger in meaning than must;
to have to may refer to rules;
must does not have a past tense;
the past tense of to have to (had to) is used as past
tense of must.
dont have to / doesnt have to indicate that there is
no need to do something;
should is used in an advice to do something;
should is also used to indicate a personal opinion;
should is also used to indicate a moral obligation.
==============================
Must and should only have one form.
To have to: to have = have / has / had.

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.

2.2 - Fill in: must / should (have) / have to / has to / had to.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

must
1 - Ive lost my keys; I ..have
dropped them on my way
home.
should always follow an instruction given by a
2 - You
VTS-station.
had to go to hospital, because he had been in an
3 - He ..
accident.
have to go to work.
4 - Tomorrow is my day off, so I dont .to
should wear a helmet when you enter the hold.
5 - I think you
has to
6 - He starts working at 7 a.m., so he get
up very early.
7 - It was a big mistake! You .....not
entered
the
should
have
fairway without a lookout.
8 - We ..
had to wait in the roadstead, because our berth was
not clear yet.
9 - Its a secret! You .not
tell anyone.
must
10 - He still has plenty of time. He .be
there at 12,
must
so he....hurry.
doesnt have to

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.3 - may / might / to be allowed to
Examples:
You may not help him. / You are not allowed to help him.
We may help him / We are allowed to help him.
You may be right!
He might be able to help you.

May is used to indicate permission.

(You may not help him with it.)

May and might are used to indicate a possibility

(there is no difference between the two).
(You may be right / You might be right!)
To be allowed to is used to indicate permission.
It is a bit more formal than may.
=============================
May and might only have one form.
To be allowed to : am / are / is / was / were + allowed to.

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.

2.3 - Fill in: may / might / am/are/is/was/were allowed to
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

may
1 - Have you lost your keys? You find
them in the drawer.
are
allowed enter the port before our berth is
2 - We .not...to
clear.
was
allowed to join because he was late.
3 - He ...not
.
might
4 - I dont know where she is. She ...have
gone home.
were allowed to enter, but they had to wear helmets.
5 - They ...
6 - ..the
vessel .
Is
allowed to anchor in her present position,
or must she proceed to the emergency anchorage?.
7 - The operator told us that we.to
were allowed
wait for
high tide.
may have to replace the second engineer if hes not
8 - They ...
well soon.
9 - Its a secret! You ....to
are not allowed tell anyone.
10 - He..
might have been right when he said that
it...not.
was
allowed .

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.4 - shall / will / would.
Examples:
I will do it tomorrow.
Shall I do it for you?
We shall see.
Will they be here in time?
We will not (won t ) be able to be there in time.
Will you open the door for me, please.
I wouldn t have done this!
It would be nice to spend some time together.
Will is used to indicate future .
Shall is used to indicate future and may only be used
in the first person singular (I) and -plural (we).
Shall is used in a first-person question
(Shall I give you a hand with it?).
Will can also be used in a polite request.
(Will you give me a hand with this, please).
Would expresses an imaginary action or situation.
(It would be nice!)
=============================
Shall, will and would only have one form.

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.

2.4 - Fill in: shall / will / wont / would.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

Shall help you find your keys?

1 - ..I
wont
will
2 - I..be
able to help you tomorrow, because we ..be
closed.
would
3 - The vessel ...have
sailed out on time if the weather
hadnt been that bad.
will have to store this type of cargo in refrigerated
4 - They ...
holds.
Will
5 - they
be able to discharge the vessel before noon?
Shall
6 - .we
try to solve this problem for you?
7 - The operator has just told us that we....have
to wait for
will
higher tide.
8 - .you
sign the Mates Receipt, please.
Will
9 - I ..
would not proceed through this channel at this speed,
if I were you.
wont
10 - They be
able to prevent a collision if they
continue to proceed at this dangerous speed.

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.5 - to do (questions).
Examples:
Where do you go to?
Where does he work?
Did she go to work yesterday?
Where did you see him last?
Do / does / did are followed by the stem of the verb
( go / work / see)
Do is used in the present tense.
(Where do you go to?
Does is used in the present tense third person
singular (he / she / it )
(Where does he work?)
Did is used in the past tense
(Where did you see him last?).

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.

2.5 - to do (questions) - fill in: do / does / did.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

did you go to? I went home.

1 - Where
did
2 - What .they
alert us for?
They alerted us for an approaching storm.
3 - Where
does the vessel berth when she is in port?
She berths along the embankment.

Do
4 - .they
appreciate our assistance? They appreciate it a lot.
Did
5 - ..they
demand anything from us? They demanded more
money.
did the vessel alter her course?
6 - Where ..
She altered her course off the west extremity of the island.
7 - What .
does the VTS-station instruct us to do?
The station instructs us to anchor in our present position.
8 - When ..
did they receive the Notice of Readiness?
They received it this morning.
9 - ....the
temperature increase or decrease when you open
Does
this valve? The temperature increases.
10 - Whenthey
overhaul the bilge-pumping arrangement?
do
They overhaul it every 6 months.

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.6 - to do (negations).
Examples:
I dont understand why you are so upset.
He doesnt work here anymore.
She didnt go to work yesterday.
They didnt like the way we behaved.
Do not / does not / did not
are followed by the stem of the verb
(understand / work / go / like)

Do not / dont is used in the present tense

(I do not understand why you are so upset).
Does not / doesnt is used in the present tense third person singular (he / she / it ).
(He does not work here anymore).

Did not / didnt is used in the past tense

(They did not like the way we behaved).

Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.

2.6 - to do (negotions) - fill in: dont / doesnt / didnt.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

didnt
1 - We waited and waited, but they ...deliver
the cargo
that day.
didnt want to say anything
2 - I asked him about it, but he ..
and left.
dont expect any ingoing vessels anymore today.
3 - They ..
doesnt
4 - The pilot ..want
to embark, because we have made
lee on the wrong side of the vessel.
dont resume pilotage today before 1200 hrs UTC.
5 - They
didnt
6 - We met him again last year, but he remember
us
anymore.
7 - ...he
tell the truth?
Didnt

No, he lied!

8 - We ..
dont agree and we wish to make a complaint.
9 - The temperature
doesnt increase, but decreases when you
close this valve.
10 - Dont
they know what time the vessel will arrive?

Unit three: passive voice.

3.1 - Active voice and passive voice.

Examples: active voice - passive voice:

I help him. / He is helped by me.
They spent a lot of money. / A lot of money was spent.
He has done everything. / Everything has been done by him.
They hadn t done anything. / Nothing had been done.
He can do it. / It can be done by him.
He must do it. / It must be done by him.
We have to do it. / It has to be done by us.
We are allowed to help him. / He is allowed to be helped by us.

In an active voice the subject performs the action:

I help him.
In a passive voice the subject does not perform any action,
but undergoes the action - something happens to the subject:
He is helped by me.

Unit three: passive voice.

3.2 - passive voice: present- and past tense.
Examples:
I am assisted by my secretary.
Are you being assisted by anyone?
He is helped by me.
A lot of money was spent on it.
Were they invited to the party?
The present passive voice is formed by
am /are / is + past participle
(warned / assisted/ helped / spent / invited).
The past passive voice is formed by
was / were + past participle
To emphasize the action, am / are / is / was / were
is followed by being:
I am being helped right now.
Are you being served?
A lot of money was being spent.

Unit three: the passive voice - exercises.

3.2 - passive voice: present tense and past tense.
fill in: am/are/is/was/were + (being +) past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

1 - This type of cargo always

..by
truck.
is
delivered
(to deliver)
was discharged 1 day and left immediately for
2 - The vessel in
her home voyage.
(to discharge)

am always .....by
assisted
3 - I
the second mate when the
is being made up (to assist / to make up)
stowage plan ..
were towed
4 - When they arrived they .by
two tugs.

(to tow)

were being attacked pirates.

5 - At that moment we .by
(to attack)
6 - All the expenses ...before
we left. (to pay)
were paid
7 - Right now everything .to
is being done solve the matter.
(to do)
8 - All vessels that sailed in the vicinity of the island
were
instructed to reduce speed.

(to instruct)
9 - We altered course too late and ..on
were hit
starboard side.
(to hit)
10 - At that time the engine
was being overhauled
(to overhaul)

Unit three: passive voice.

3.3 - passive voice : perfect tense.

Examples:
I have been assisted by my secretary.
Has he been warned about this?
They have been helped by me.
A lot of money had been spent on it.
Had they been invited to the party?

The present-perfect passive voice is formed by

have / has + been + past participle
(I have been taken home by my father);
(Has he been warned about this?).
The past-perfect passive voice is formed by
had + been + past participle
(A lot of money had been spent on it).

Unit three: the passive voice - exercises.

3.3 - passive voice - perfect tense.
fill in: have / has / had + been + past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

has been..to
delivered
1 - The cargo ...
the wrong port, so we
cannot sail out in time.
(to deliver)
had been discharged it appeared that
2 - After the vessel ..
had been damaged
the cargo badly.
(to discharge / to damage)
3 - I ......by
the second mate since I started to
have been assisted
work for this shipowner.
(to assist)
4 - The distress message .
has been transmitted by the vessel
that has just collided with an iceberg.
(to transmit)
5 - We didnt know that we ...by
pirates.
had been attacked
(to attack)
has
been done
6 - He wants to know whether this..already
..
(to do)
had been paid
7 - All the expenses ..and
we were ready
to depart.
(to pay)
8 - ..the
Has
vessel yet
been warned
that there is an
approaching storm on her course?
(to warn)
9 - We ...
there are uncharted shoals
have just .that
been told
in that area.
(to tell)
10 - The product ...for
months now.
has been tested
We still dont know whether it works or not. (to test)

Unit four: sentence building (order of words)

4.1 - verb(s) + object / place + time (in affirmative sentences).
Examples:
We loaded the vessel with our own derricks.
I havent seen him for quite some time now.
The vessel will arrive in Rotterdam this afternoon /
This afternoon the vessel will arrive in Rotterdam.
The vessel will be discharged in port today /
Today the vessel will be discharged in port.

Verbs (+ not) and object cluster together:

..loaded the vessel.;
...havent seen him.;
...will arrive..
...will be discharged..
...

Place before time, or time at the beginning of the

sentence:
.. in Rotterdam this afternoon;
This afternoon .;
. in port today.
Today

Unit four: sentence building - exercises.

4.1 - Put in the right order:
(time +) verb(s) + object / place + time
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

1 - the cargo / delivered / to the wrong harbour / yesterday / they

They delivered the cargo to the wrong harbour yesterday.

2 - havent / since I started working / there / I / been

I havent been there since I started working.

3 - a fire drill / last week / held / aboard our vessel / was

Last week a fire drill was held aboard our vessel.

4 - able will / Rotterdam / to visit / next month / I / be

I will be able to visit Rotterdam next month.

5 - reading / garden / we / the / a / my / came / book / in / was /
father / when / in

My father was reading a book in the garden when we came in.

6 - delivered / 8 a.m. / will / the cargo / in Antwerp / have /
before / to be

The cargo will have to be delivered in Antwerp before 8 a.m.

7 - will / all the passengers / to come / to the upperdeck /
instructed / at 6 oclock / be / at 4 oclock

At 4 oclock all the passengers will be instructed to come to

the upperdeck at 6 oclock.
8 - new fire extinguishers / in the engine room / installed /
yesterday / we

Yesterday we installed new fire extinguishers in the

engine room.

Unit five: irregular verbs.

FIRST ROW

SECOND ROW

THIRD ROW

to arise
to awake
to be (am/are/is)
to bear
to beat
to become
to begin

arose
awoke
was/were
bore
beat
became
began

arisen
awoke(n)
been
borne
beaten
become
begun

etc. etc. etc.

FIRST ROW: - present tense.

The present tense of an irregular verb is formed by:
-the stem of the verb
(I awake / They bear / We beat / You begin)
-or by the stem + (e)s in third person singular (he / she / it).
(He awakes / She bears / He beats / It begins)
SECOND ROW: - past tense.
The past tense of an irregular verb is found in the second
row.
The forms of verbs in this second row do not change.
THIRD ROW: - past participle.
The past participle of an irregular verb is in the third row.
The present perfect is formed by have or has+ past participle
(I have beaten him / They have become tired / It has begun).
The past perfect is formed by had + past participle
(They had beaten me. / She had become tired / It had begun).

Unit five: irregular verbs - exercises.

5.1 - irregular verbs - fill in:
first row (stem or stem + s) or second row.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

go to France.
1 - Where do you go to in summer? I
went to the theatre.
2 - Where did they go to? They ..
goes to Recife - Brasil?
3 - Where does the vessel go to? She
began at 4 oclock.
4 - What time did he begin? He ...
felt very ill.
5 - How did she feel? She ..
6 - Does he teach English? No, he .
teaches French.?

freezes here in winter. (to freeze)

7 - It .....
knew
8 - Did you know this? No, I never .this.
laid it in the cupboard.
9 - Did he lay it in the drawer? No, he..
lay on the floor.
10 - Where did it lie? It .
11 - Did they send it to you? No, they it
sent to someone else.

speaks about her job.

12 - What does she speak about? She ....
13 - How did you sleep? I
slept fine.
14 - I
wrote him a letter last week. (to write)

Irregular

verbs

Unit five: irregular verbs - exercises.

5.2 - irregular verbs - fill in: past participle (3rd row).
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on

been all that time! (to be)

1 - Where have you .
become very cold. (to become)
2 - It has ...
3 - What time had they ..?
begun
(to begin)
4 - She has a
new car. (to buy)
bought

chosen
5 - Why have they .for
this type of vessel? (to choose)
forbidden us to enter port. (to forbid)
6 - They had ..
had lot of requests for it. (to have)
7 - We have a
8 - She had .
laid all the money in the drawer. (to lay)
9 - Have they ....
overcome all the difficulties? (to overcome)

shaken
10 - Have you ..this
medicine well? (to shake)
11 - We have a
struck submarine ledge!

(to strike)

12 - Pirates had ...half

the cargo. (to steal)
stolen
13 - I havent ..very
well lately. (to sleep)
slept
14 - They have just .a
written Letter of Protest.
(to write)

Irregular

verbs

Irregular Verbs.
PRESENT
TENSE

to arise
to awake
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to begin
to bend
to bet
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blow
to break
to bring
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to come
to cost
to creep
to cut

PAST
TENSE

PAST
PARTICIPLE

arose
awoke
was/were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chose
clove/cleft
clung
came
cost
crept
cut

arisen
awoke(n)
been
borne
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chosen
cloven/cleft
clung
come
cost
crept
cut

Irregular Verbs: continued.

PRESENT
TENSE

to deal
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to fling
to fly
to forbid
to forget
to forgive
to freeze
to get
to give
to go
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to heave
to heave to
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt

PAST
TENSE

PAST
PARTICIPLE

dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flung
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung
had
heard
hove
hove to
hid
hit
held
hurt

dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flung
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
had
heard
hove
hove to
hidden
hit
held
hurt

Irregular Verbs: continued.

PRESENT
TENSE

to keep
to kneel
to know
to lay
to lead
to lean
to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to pay
to put
to quit
to read
to rend
to ride
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to shake
to shine

PAST
TENSE

PAST
PARTICIPLE

kept
knelt
knew
laid
led
leant
leapt
learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
quit
read
rent
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shook
shone

kept
knelt
known
laid
led
leant
leapt
learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
quit
read
rent
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone

Irregular Verbs: continued.

PRESENT
TENSE

to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spin
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to stave
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to strive
to swear
to sweat
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing

PAST
TENSE

PAST
PARTICIPLE

shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
slid
slit
smelt
spoke
sped
spelt
spent
span/spun
split
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stove
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
strove
swore
sweat
swept
swole/swelled
swam
swung

shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
slid
slit
smelt
spoken
sped
spelt
spent
spun
split
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stove
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
striven
sworn
sweat
swept
swollen
swum
swung

Irregular Verbs: continued.

PRESENT
TENSE

to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to understand
to wake
to wear
to wet
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to wring
to write

PAST
TENSE

took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
understood
woke
wore
wet
won
wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote

PAST
PARTICIPLE

taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
understood
woke(n)
worn
wet
won
wound
withdrawn
wrung
written

C P.C. van Kluijven

SHIPPING AND TRANSPORT COLLEGE
ROTTERDAM