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Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin
resistance and beta cell dysfunction, resulting in
metabolically altered pathways relating to glucose
metabolism in the brain, liver, adipose, pancreas, and skeletal
muscle.
Signs & Symptoms (NDIC, 2008)
Fatigue
Polyuria
Polyphasia/Polydipsia
Weight loss
Blurred vision
Slow wound healing
Methods/Questions
We performed an in-depth literature review analyzing peerreviewed case studies, scientific journals, textbooks, and
government agencies such as the American Diabetes
Association (ADA) to investigate the implications of
uncontrolled T2DM and determine the most effective forms
of treatment.
Skeletal Muscle
Liver
Results
Treatment
In addition to diet and exercise, poorly controlled T2DM
requires medication and other interventions.
The initial prescription drug is predominantly Metformin,
followed by other anti-diabetic prescriptions to reduce
HbA1c levels.
Genetic predisposition
Women with history of gestational diabetes
Pre-diabetes
Diagnosis (NDIC, 2011)
Overweight, sedentary
Risk Factors
Results
Pancreas
In response to high levels of glucose, beta cells release
more insulin (Kirk, 2013).
Overworked beta cells lead to dysfunction (Kirk, 2013)
Brain
Removal of appetite regulation leads to difficulty
controlling dietary habits (Gropper, 2013).
The vagus nerve continues to signal hepatic glucose
output, contributing to hyperglycemia (Gropper, 2013)
Adipose
Lipogenesis continues (Gropper, 2013)
Circulating free fatty acids and proinflammatory
chemokines bind to receptors, leading to insulin resistance
(Kirk, 2013)
Discussion
BLURB