Mansoura University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Power Department
Year 2008
Cooling Load estimation
Cooling load :
We can define the cooling load as the rate at which heat
must be removed from the conditioned space in order to
maintain a specific air temperature and moisture
content.

We are concerned with the cooling load more than the

heating load because there is a lot of heat sources
that increase the cooling load; such that solar
radiation, Light inside the conditioned space, electrical
equipments……even our bodies are heat sources. But
on the other hand all these heat sources decrease the
heating load required.
Components of Cooling Load:

External Cooling Loads: These loads are formed

because of heat gains in the conditioned space from
external sources through the building envelope or
building shell and the partition walls.

Sources of external loads include the following cooling loads:

1. Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs
2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations
3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenestrations
4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors
5. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space
Internal Cooling Load: These loads are formed by
the release of sensible and latent heat from the heat
sources inside the conditioned space.

These sources contribute internal cooling loads:

1. People.
2. Electric lights.
3. Equipment and appliances.
Components of Cooling Coil
Load
Cooling coil load = space heat gain + Duct system
heat gain + ventilation load.

Load profile
Peak Load and Block Load
 The zone peak load
 The block load
Calculation Procedure
 Calculation of the over all heat transfer coefficients
 Calculation of external heat gain
 Specification of the peak hour
 load estimation for each room in every level
 Calculation of ventilation load
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Calculation of the over all heat
transfer coefficients
External heat gain:
 Heat gain through exterior wall
 Heat gain through the
ceiling :

Heat gain through glass

windows:
 Specification of the peak
hour

The peak time is 5 P.M

Load estimation for every room
in each class:
 D-1-External heat gain at the peak
time
heat gain through exterior walls (brick & concrete)
 heat gain through exterior glass:
 heat gain from ceiling:

D-2- Heat gain from light:

D-3- Heat gain from occupants:
D-4- Heat gain from equipments:

D-5- Heat gain from unconditioned spaces:

FINAL: The Total heat gain for every room

 The ventilation load
The ventilation is the amount of fresh air required
not only for breathing but also for achieving
comfort & health requirements.
The importance of ventilation is:

1-Meeting the oxygen needs of the occupants.

2-The dilution of the concentration of co2 to a
satisfactorily level.
3-Maintain positive pressure with in the building.
4-To dilute indoor air from particles & contaminates.
 Calculation of ventilation
load:
 Ventilation per person

 Ventilation per area

1-Ventilation air sensible heat:
2-Ventilation air latent heat:
PSYCHROMETRIC
 •psychrometry
Psychrometry is the science
dealing with the physical laws of
air – water mixtures.

•Moist air
Dry air + water vapor
•Moist air is perfect gas
psychrometric chart
The psychrometric chart contains five
physical properties to describe the
characteristics of air :

•Dry-bulb temperature
•Wet-bulb temperature
•Dew-point temperature
•Relative humidity
•Humidity ratio
When any two of these five properties of air are known,
the other three can be quickly determined from the
psychrometric chart.
Effect of Sensible Heat and
Moisture Changes:
AHU 1 fresh air unit
AHU 2 fresh air
AHU 3 mix air unit
AHU 4 mix air unit
AHU 5 mix air unit
AHU 6 mix air unit
AHU 7 fresh air
AHU 8 mix air unit
 AHU 7
IT TAKES ROOMS (1-2-3-4-5-6-
7-8-14-22- disk 1- Loopy"L/W" )
 ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT & ROOM LATENT
HEAT
 SAFTEY FACTOR = 5%
 New RSH =1.05 *ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT
 New RLH =1.05 *ROOM LATENT HEAT
 RTH = RSH + RLH
 RSHF = RSH / RTH
 HEAT FROM FAN HP = 5%
 HEAT FROM DUCT LEAKAGE =0.5%
 HEAT GAIN FROM DUCT = 0.5%
 Final RSH
 Final RLH
 SUITABLE BPF = 0.15
 OUT SIDE AIR SH ( OASH )
 OUT SIDE AIR LH ( OALH )
 Calculation of EFFECTIVE HEAT
 Calculation of Grand HEAT
 We know from chapter 2 that :
 CMMo
 MO
We can calculate supply air :

 But not equal to CMMo then we can use CMMs

in new calculation :
 Calculation of EFFECTIVE HEAT
 Calculation of Grand HEAT
 We can draw this on
psychrometric chart :
PROPERITIES OF POINT FROM CHART:

POINT T DB T WB RH W H V
O 40 28 40.67158 19.08975 89.36721 0.914102
R 24 17.06 50 9.338036 47.9 0.85416
M 0 0 0 0 0 0
S 13.5 12.726 91.80556 8.880191 36 0.823296
ADP 8.7 8.7 100 7.011069 26.4 0.807076
 AHU 8
IT TAKES ROOMS (9-10-11-12-13-15-16-17-18-19-
20-21-22-23-24- disk 2- Loopy"L/N" - Loopy "
L1 / SE"- Loopy " L2 / SE")

 ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT & ROOM LATENT HEAT

 SAFTEY FACTOR = 5%
 New RSH =1.05 *ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT
 New RLH =1.05 *ROOM LATENT HEAT
 RTH = RSH + RLH
 RSHF = RSH / RTH
 HEAT FROM FAN HP = 5%
 HEAT FROM DUCT LEAKAGE =0.5%
 HEAT GAIN FROM DUCT = 0.5%
 Final RSH
 Final RLH
 SUITABLE BPF = 0.15
 OUT SIDE AIR SH ( OASH )
 OUT SIDE AIR LH ( OALH )
 Calculation of EFFECTIVE HEAT
 Calculation of Grand HEAT

•We can calculate supply air :

We can draw this on psychrometric chart :
PROPERITIES OF POINT FROM CHART:

POINT T DB T WB RH W H V
O 40 28 40.67158 19.08975 89.36721 0.914102
R 24 17.06046 50 9.338036 47.9 0.854156
M 29.8 21.63373 48.93095 12.92529 63 0.8758
S 13 12.13594 90.7242 8.48839 34.5 0.821347
ADP 10.16 10.16 100 7.744306 29.75 0.812213
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
 Introduction:
 Purpose of designing duct

 Importance of high quality air

distribution system.
Main components of an air
distribution system &
functions of it.

Steps of design air

distribution system.
 Types of air distribution
system:
 Velocity
 Pressure
 Duct design
 perimeter system(winter)
 Overhead system(summer)
 Individual duct method
 Trunk duct method
There are two general systems
for supplying air is in common
use:

 Ceiling distribution system

 Inside Wall distribution
supply air system.

Return Air Systems.

Duct consideration.

Duct Shape &

material&insulation.

Pressure in Ducts.
Pressure Losses in Ducts
Duct Designing methods
 Velocity reduction method.
 Equal Friction Method.
 Static Regain Method
Equal Friction Method.
Equipment selection
Why Sizing Is Important?

Careful selection and sizing of

cooling and heating (condition)
equipment can reduce initial costs&
increase homeowner comfort
&increase operation efficiency& and
greatly reduce utility costs.
 A common mistake is to oversize heating and
cooling equipment
 Bigger does not always mean better
 Bigger units cause more noise.
 Design And Demand
Management

 Separate zones that require special

conditions from general use areas.
 Selection Methodology
 Cooling load & load profile.
 Number & planet capacity.
 Type of equipments available.
 Cost of redevelopment & replacement.
 Energy available.
 Choose type of system & equipment.
 Required works ( power & construction).
 Calculate life cycle cost analysis.
 Review the Risk profile.
 If a water cooled system is identified
as the least cost option but the air
cooled system remains as a viable
alternative, consider whether the
associated risks should be eliminated
by paying a cost premium to go with
the air cooled system.
The flow of the heat in central
air conditioning system can be
summarized as follow
 Chiller selection

GTH = 256.74 TR

The available model From York-YAEP

Catalogue which can cover the load
is (YAEP7777XC9B50PA) Air cooled
chiller
 Y: York
 A : Air cooled
 E: Export series
 P: P series compressor
 7777: Compressor Size
 X: Cooler type
 C: Condenser type
 9:Fan type
 B:R407,C
 50:Frequency(Hz)
 P: Starting (Part wind)
 A: Design level (Engineering change or PIN
level)
 Since Qevp= 901 KW =256 T.R
 & Compressor Power = 348 KW =
466 hp

Then the COP= 901/348 = 2.6

 Grilles selection
 We will use 3 types of grilles in
supply duct & 3 types of grills in
return and exhaust duct : (we will
use BETA INDESTRIAL catalogue)
Selection of air handling
AHU
units
NO. GTH FLOW RATE

AHU 1 74 2583
AHU 2 110 1683
AHU 3 91 2650
AHU 4 76 2500
AHU 5 75 2083
AHU 6 106 2650
AHU 7 155 2483
AHU 8 133 3967

From MCQUAY CATALOGUE:

According to the Total heat
capacity
According to Air flow rate
THE SELECTED MODLES

e-AHU Model
(6 row)

AHU 1 e4000
AHU 2 e5400
AHU 3 e4000
AHU 4 e4000
AHU 5 e4000
AHU 6 e5400
AHU 7 e8400
AHU 8 e6300
PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN
What is the piping system?

It is the piping network that connects

the chiller with all air-handling units
at different levels through the
building.
 The components of piping
system:
 Chiller
 Pipes ( supply & return )
 Fittings
 Valves
 AHU coil
 Expansion tank
 Requirement of a piping
system:

 Achieve the required flow rate with

minimum pressure loss which leads to
smaller pump and hence less first cost.
 Piping system types

1. Open system:
In which water is exposed to atmospheric
pressure so an open reservoir is used.
2. Closed system:
In which water is not exposed to the
atmosphere at any point so an
expansion tank is used with air vent.
Factors affecting losses in
pipes

1. Major losses.
2. Minor losses.
 Pipe sizing

1. Diameter calculation:
 GTH = Heat gain to water in cooling
coil
 GTH = Q water
 GTH = mw*Cpw*∆Tw
 Cpw=4.186 Kj /Kg.k & ∆Tw=5oC
& Let v=1.6 m/sec
So from the past chart we
calculated all the
sections diameters and
the major pressure loss
per unit length for all
sections.
2.Total pressure loss
calculation
For minor losses we entered charts and got
the required values.

SO
Total pressure drop = 13.7 kpa

Total head loss = 45.85 ft

 3.Pump selection
Using total water mass flow rate and
total head loss,from the following
chart
 So
We selected the following model:
From Taco catalogue
FI series 1160 rpm (5011).

& for pump power:

η=80% So power = 9 HP
 4.Expansion tank selection
Tank volume = .08*Total system volume
= 178 litre.

SO we selected from Taco catalogue:

CBX254
 Water piping insulation:

Company : Enviropac.
constructure :
outer layer : woven glass fiber.
inner layer : Plain glass fiber.
thermal conductivity:k=0.04 w/m.k
Advantages
 Control
 What ?
 Why ?
 How ?
 Control modes ?
 Two position.

 Floating.

 Proportional.
 Sensing elements

 Temperature sensors.
 Pressure sensors.
 Moisture sensors.
 Flow sensors(paddle or vane).