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TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER
Principle
The
driving
force
for
atmospheric motion is the sun
and, in particular, the uneven
distribution of solar radiation
across the earth.
ENERGY
Energy is the ability or capacity to do work on some form of matter.
There are several forms of energy, including the following
Potential energy is the energy which a body possesses as a consequence of its
position in a gravitational field (e.g., water behind a dam).
Kinetic energy is the energy which a body possesses as a consequence of its motion
(e.g., wind blowing across a wind generator). It is dependent upon an object's mass
and velocity (e.g., moving water versus moving air).
Internal energy is the total energy (potential and kinetic) stored in molecules.
Heat (or thermal) energy is kinetic energy due to motion of atoms and molecules. It is
energy that is in the process of being transferred from one object to another because
of their temperature difference.
Radiant energy is the energy that propagates through space or through material
media in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy lost during one
process must equal the energy gained during another.
..LATENT HEAT
Latent heat is the heat energy required to change a substance from one
state to another. There are basically three states of matter: solid, liquid,
and gas. The difference between them is how the molecules are
arranged. Solids have tightly-packed molecules, liquids are still bound
together but not strongly enough to keep them from flowing, and gas
molecules are free-flowing, not bound to one another at all. Energy is
required to change from one state to another because bonds must be
loosened, broken, tightened, or made. Energy must be given to the
molecules if bonds are to be loosened or broken and taken from the
molecules if they are to be tightened or made.
Latent heat of evaporation is the energy used to change liquid to vapor.
IMPORTANT: The temperature does not change during this process, so
heat added goes directly into changing the state of the substance.
About 600 calories of energy are needed for every gram of water at
room temperature. This is why you cool when you step out of the shower.
Heat is taken from your skin to evaporate the water on your body.
LATENT HEAT.
Energy is required to change from solid to liquid, liquid to gas (evaporation), or solid
to gas (sublimation). Energy will be released to change from liquid to solid (fusion),
gas to liquid (condensation), or gas to solid.
Evaporation is a cooling process.
Latent heat of condensation is energy released when water vapor condenses to
form liquid droplets. An identical amount of calories (about 600 cal/g) is released in
this process as was needed in the evaporation process. This is one mechanism of
how thunderstorms maintain their intensity. As moist air is lifted and cooled, water
vapor eventually condenses, which then allows for huge amounts of latent heat
energy to be released, feeding the storm.
Condensation is a warming process.
Latent heat of fusion describes both changing from solid to liquid and from liquid to
solid. From solid to liquid, about 80 calories per gram are needed. From liquid to
solid, about 80 cal/g are released.
Latent heat of sublimation describes both changing from solid to gas and gas to
solid. Sublimation is rare as compared to the other changes of state. From solid to
gas 600 + 80 = 680 calories per gram are needed. From gas to solid, 680 cal/g are
released.
METHOD
Conduction energy is transferred by the direct contact of molecules, not
by the movement of the material Example: putting your hand on a stove
burner. The amount of energy transferred depends on how conductive
the material is. Metals are good conductors, so they are used to transfer
energy from the stove to the food in pots and pans. Air is the best
insulator, so good insulating products try to trap air and not allow it to
move.
SPESIFIC HEAT
Specific heat is the amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of
one gram of a substance one
degree Celsius.
RADIASI
MEKANISME RADIASI
Jika radiasi mengenai tubuh manusia, ada 2
kemungkinan yang dapat terjadi :
Jika berinteraksi, radiasi dapat mengionisasi atau
dapat pula mengeksitasi atom. Setiap terjadi proses
ionisasi atau eksitasi, radiasi akan kehilangan
sebagian energinya. Energi radiasi yang hilang
akan menyebabkan peningkatan temperatur
(panas) pada bahan (atom) yang berinteraksi
dengan radiasi tersebut.
CONTINUE..
semua energi radiasi yang terserap di jaringan
biologis akan muncul sebagai panas melalui
peningkatan vibrasi (getaran) atom dan struktur
molekul.
Ini merupakan awal dari perubahan kimiawi yang
kemudian dapat mengakibatkan efek biologis
yang merugikan.
CONTINUE.
ada
dua
cara
bagaimana
mengakibatkan kerusakan pada sel.
radiasi
dapat
EFEK RADIASI
CELL PHONE.