Induction Motors

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1. Construction
2. Operation
3. Equivalent circuit

4. Losses and efficiency

5. Torque speed characteristics
6. Approximate equivalent circuit

7. Max power, max torque, max efficiency

criteria
8. Starting
9. Speed control
10. Ratings
11. Single phase induction motors
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1. Construction

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Stator

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Stator

Made of a stack of highly permeable steel

laminations
-> reduce the eddy current losses

Identical coils are wound into the slots and

connected to form a balanced 3-phase
winding

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Rotor
Two types:
Squirrel-cage rotor
Wound rotor

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Squirrel cage rotor

Widely used in low starting torque
requirements
Series of conducting bars laid into slots in the
rotor
End rings to short circuit the bars on both ends

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Wound rotor

Used in high starting torque requirements

3-phase windings are internally connected to

form an internal neutral connection

Other 3 ends are connected to the slip-rings

With the brushes riding on the slip-rings, we

can add external resistances in the rotor circuit
- can control the developed torque
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Disadvantages:
Expensive
Less efficient
Heavier, large in size
Increased maintenance

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2. Operation
Stator winding is connected to a 3-phase power

source
Produces a magnetic field
Synchronous speed of the revolving field is,

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f = frequency of the stator current

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= number of poles

 Induces an emf in the rotor winding

-> induce a current in rotor coils

Current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic

field
-> force (torque)
-> Starting torque
Rotor starts rotating
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Slip speed and slip

Two terms used to describe the relative

motion of the rotor and the magnetic filed

Relative speed of the revolving filed (Slip

speed);

Nm = Rotor speed
Ns = Synchronous speed
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 Slip;

If rotor is stationary, slip is 1

If rotor runs at synchronous speed, slip is 0
When the rotor rotates,
frequency of the induced emf is;

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If the IM is operating at low slip

-> frequency of the induced emf is low
-> Core loss can be ignored

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3. Equivalent Circuit
Phase currents must be equal in magnitude and

1200 apart

IM

- both in stator and rotor windings

3-phase transformer
with a rotating secondary winding
Per phase equivalent circuit :

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Rotor winding current

= Effective resistance

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By referring to the stator:

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4. Losses and Efficiency

Losses:
1. Copper loss
a) Stator copper loss

b) Rotor copper loss

2. Core loss
3. Rotational loss
a) Friction & windage loss
b) Stray loss
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>

>
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5.

Torque Speed Characteristics

Developed torque is proportional to

square of the rotor current
hypothetical rotor resistance
However those two quantities are inversely

proportional
Torque increases or decreases depends upon
which parameter plays the dominant role
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 At standstill, s = 1

As slip deceases, R2/s increases

As long as

->

Rotor current almost constant

-> Td is proportional to R2/s
-> Td increases with the decrease in the slip
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When the slip falls below the breakdown slip

(Sb)

Td is proportional to the slip

Torque decreases with the decrease in slip

At no load, the slip = 0

-> Rotor current = 0

-> Torque = 0
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Example 1:
A 6-pole, 230V, 60Hz, Y connected 3-phase
induction motor has the following parameters on
a per-phase basis.

The friction and windage loss is 150W.

Determine the efficiency and the shaft torque of
the motor at its rated slip of 2.5%.

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6. Approximate Equivalent
Circuit
In a well designed 3-phase IM;
R1 & X1 are small
Rc & Xm are high

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7. Max. Power, Torque &

Efficiency
1)Max Power Criteria

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Developed power is a function of the slip

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2)Max Torque Criteria

Developed torque is a function of the slip

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 Max torque is independent of R2

R2 influences only the breakdown slip
(or breakdown speed)

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Motor develops maximum power at a slip lower

than that at which it develops maximum torque
When stator impedance <<< rotor impedance

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 Approximate equation for developed torque;

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3) Max Efficiency Criteria

Taking core loss as a part of the rotational loss

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 Efficiency is a function of rotor current

For max efficiency

Stator copper loss + Rotor copper loss = Rotational

loss

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Example 2:
A 8-pole, 208V, 60Hz, Y connected 3-phase
induction motor has negligible stator impedance
and a rotor impedance of 0.02+j0.08 per phase
at standstill.
1.
Determine the breakdown slip and the
breakdown
torque.
2.
What is the starting torque developed by the
motor?
3.
If the starting torque has to be 80% of the
maximum torque, determine the external
resistance
that must be added in series with
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the rotor.

8. Starting

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At starting,
s=1
R2/s is very small at starting
High starting current -> affects the
operation
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Solutions:

1) Giving low voltage at starting

- Starting torque reducing
- Suitable for low starting torque
requirements
2) Increase the rotor resistance
- Starting torque increasing
- Suitable for high starting torque
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Giving low voltage at starting

1) Stator impedance starting
2) Auto transformer starting
3) Star Delta starting
1)

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Stator impedance starting

- Adding external resistance with the stator
winding

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2)Autotransformer starting
- Can achieve lower starting current than
previous method
3)Star delta starting
Stator winding
- at starting
- star
connection
- when running - delta connection
IL (Y) = IL (delta) / 3
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Increase the rotor resistance

High rotor resistance;
- Reduces developed torque at full load
- High rotor copper loss -> reduces efficiency
To overcome;
For wound rotor motor:
Add a high external resistance through slip
rings only at starting
For squirrel cage motor:
1) Double cage rotor
2)
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9. Speed Control
1.Frequency control

2.Changing stator poles

3.Rotor resistance control
4.Stator voltage control

5.Injecting an emf in the rotor circuit

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Frequency Control
Can obtain a wide variation in speed
Needs a variable frequency supply

When frequency
increases;
Slip at max. torque
decreases
Starting torque
decreases
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Changing Stator Poles

Stator has 2 or more independent windings

Each winding has different number of poles

-> different speeds

At any time, only one winding is in operation

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Rotor Resistance Control

Add external resistance in the rotor circuits
Increase rotor copper loss
Increase operating temperature
Reduce efficiency
Can be used only for short periods
Suitable for wound rotor motors

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Stator Voltage Control

For small changes in speed
-> large change in voltage is required
Difficult to use

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Injecting an emf in the rotor circuit

(equal to rotor resistance control)
Used in wound rotor induction motors
Frequency of the injected emf must be equal to

the rotor frequency

Changing the phase of the injected voltage is

equivalent to changing the rotor resistance

Further control by varying the magnitude of the

injected emf
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10. Ratings
Important ratings present on the nameplate:
Output power
Voltage
Current
Power factor
Speed
NEMA design class
Starting code
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 NEMA design class

National Electrical Manufacturers Association
With different torque speed curves

NEMA Starting code

Sets limits on the amount of current the motor

can draw at starting conditions

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11. Single Phase Induction

Motors
Operates on a single-phase source

Requires one single phase winding

Not self-starting

-> must provide some external means to

start
Built in the fractional-horsepower range
Used in heating, cooling and ventilating
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systems

Types of 1-Phase IMs

Based on the method used to make it selfstarting;
1) Split-phase motor

2) Capacitor-start motor
3) Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor
4) Permanent split-capacitor motor
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5) Shaded-pole motor

To be self-starting,
Must have at least 2 phase windings
Must be excited by a 2-phase source

Currents in the 2 phase windings are 900

electrically out of phase

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1)

Split Phase Motor

Used in fractional horsepower range

Employs 2 separate windings
- connected in parallel to a single-phase
source

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Main winding
- low resistance and high inductance.
- carry current and establish flux
Auxiliary winding
- high resistance and low inductance
- disconnected from the supply when the
motor attains 75% of its synchronous
speed
Phase difference between the 2 currents may
be as
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around
600

2)

Capacitor Start Motor

Capacitor is included in series with the

auxiliary
winding

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 Capacitor can be chosen such that

- main winding current lags the auxiliary
current
by exactly 900

Auxiliary winding & capacitor

- disconnected from the supply when the
motor
attains 75% of its synchronous
speed
At rated speed
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- operates just like a split-phase motor

3) Capacitor Start Capacitor Run

Motor
Above two methods have low power factor at
the
rated speed
Lower power factor
- high power input for same output power
- efficiency is low
To improve efficiency
- another capacitor can be used at the rated
speed
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Two-value capacitor motor

Start capacitor
for starting torque requirements
Run capacitor

for
running
performance
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 Auxiliary winding stays in circuit at all times

Centrifugal switch
- switching from start capacitor to run
capacitor
- at about 75% of the synchronous speed

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4)

Permanent Split Capacitor Motor

Same capacitor is used for starting and

running
No centrifugal switch is needed
Capacitor is selected to have high efficiency at
rated
load
- not properly matched for the starting
- starting torque is lower
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 Suitable for low starting torque applications

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Used in applications that require frequent

starts
(other types tend to overheat when started
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frequently)

5)

Shaded Pole Motor

Auxiliary winding is in the form of a copper

ring
(around the salient poles)
Simple construction -> least expensive

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 Efficiency is low compared with other types

Develop low starting torque
Built to satisfy the load requirements up to 1/3
horsepower
- where low efficiency is of no interest

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Comparison between 5 types

Can be ranked from best to worst

1.Capacitor start capacitor run motor

2.Capacitor start motor
3.Permanent split capacitor motor
4.Split phase motor
5.Shaded pole motor
Best one is more expensive
All techniques are not available for all size
ranges
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