EE 2802 Applied Electricity

Domestic applications:
Room heaters,
Water heating
Kitchen appliances (hot plate, electric
kettle, electric oven, toaster, etc.)
Industrial applications:
Melting of metals
Heat treatment of metals (annealing,
tempering, soldering, brazing, etc..)
Moulding of glass

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

Cleanliness - no dust
No pollution
Economical - cheap, low maintenance
Easy temperature control
Special heating requirements can be
catered
Uniform heating
Heating only a particular portion

6.

7.

8.

Higher efficiency
Most of the heat produced is
utilized for heating
Better working conditions
No irritating noise
Low radiation losses
Low ambient temperature
Safety
Responds quickly to the controlled
signals

1.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Resistance heating / Joule heating

Arc heating
Induction heating
Eddy current heating
Dielectric heating
Infrared heating

When current passes, I2R

produce heat

losses

Two methods
Direct resistance heating
Indirect resistance heating

Direct Resistance Heating

Current pass through the material to be
heated
High efficiency
Indirect Resistance Heating
Current pass through a resistance
element which is surrounded by the
charge
Heat is delivered to the charge by
radiation / convection

A high voltage is applied across an air-gap

Air becomes ionized

Starts conducting in a form of continuous

spark (arc) -> produce heat
Two methods:
Direct Arc Heating
Indirect Arc Heating

Arc is formed
between the
electrodes
and the
charge

Arc is formed between electrodes

Produced heat is passed to the charge by
radiation

Similar to transformer working

Primary winding is supplied from an AC
source
Primary is magnetically coupled to the
charge
It induces voltage in the charge (secondary)
Secondary current heats up the charge
Two methods:
Core type induction heating
Coreless type induction heating

Primary is connected to high frequency

AC supply
Eddy currents induced in the charge and
heats it up

Material is placed inside a high frequency

carrying coil
Material gets heated up by eddy currents

Used for heating insulators like wood,

plastic, ceramic etc

Dielectric is placed between two

conducting plates
- to form a parallel plate capacitor
Power loss in the capacitor is converted
into heat
Supply frequency between 10 50 MHz
Applied voltage up to 20 kV
Efficiency is around 50%
Very high cost

When tungsten filament lamps are

operated at about 23000C
they produce heat radiations
(infrared radiations)
Suitable reflectors can send these IR
radiations to the surface to be heated
Applications:
Plaint drying
Low temperature heating of plastics

Welding

Process of joining metallic and nonmetallic materials

By applying heat, pressure, or a
combination

Advantages
Does not waste excess fuel

Heat does not move far beyond the weld

point - ideal for insulated wires

Methods
1. Arc welding
2. Resistance welding

Short arc length is necessary for

getting good welds

Welding is never done directly from supply

mains
Welding machines are essential
To convert AC to DC when DC welding is
desired
To reduce voltage to a safer and suitable
value
To provide required high current,
without drawing from the supply mains

Consists of
A reverse series winding DC generator
DC / AC motor

Operation

On open circuit,
Only shunt filed is operative
Provide maximum voltage for striking the
arc
After the arc has been established,
Current pass through the both windings
Fluxes oppose each other
-> Decrease the voltage

 Portable operation
Suitable for all ferrous and non-ferrous
materials
Suitable for all positions of welding
High initial cost and maintenance cost
Noisy in operation

Consists of
A transformer (single-phase or 3-phase)
A rectifier unit (convert AC to DC)

No moving parts long life.

Quite in operation.

Consists of
A step-down transformer with tapped
secondary
Adjustable reactor - for drooping VI
characteristics

Heat generated due to

I2R losses

Process has two stages:

Resistance heating
Application of forging pressure

Advantages:
Welding action is rapid
No filler material is needed
Requires comparatively lesser skill
Suitable for large quantity production
Both similar and dissimilar metals can be
welded
Parent metal is not harmed
Different shapes can be welded

Disadvantage:
High initial cost
High maintenance cost

Spot Welding

Seam Welding

Projection Welding

Butt Welding

A TEXTBOOK OF

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME III
TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION
B.L. THERAJA
A.K. THERAJA